Biology Study Notes

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Questions and Answers

Which subatomic particle carries a positive charge?

Electron

Neutron

Proton (correct)

Ion

What is the electrical charge of a neutron?

Positive

Negative

Neutral (correct)

Variable

Which of these describes the role of electrons in the final stage of aerobic respiration?

They convert ADP to ATP during the Krebs Cycle

They combine with hydrogen to produce glucose.

They are converted into protons and neutrons.

They combine with oxygen and hydrogen ions ($H^+$) to form water. (correct)

What is the atomic number of an element defined as?

The number of protons in the given element Signup and view all the answers

How is the atomic mass of an element calculated?

The number of protons + the number of neutrons Signup and view all the answers

What is a defining characteristic that distinguishes between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells?

The presence of a nucleus Signup and view all the answers

According to Chargaff's rule, if a DNA sample contains 20% adenine, what percentage of guanine would you expect?

30% Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a primary function of lipids?

Enzyme catalysis Signup and view all the answers

What is the main component of the central nervous system housed and protected by the cranial cavity?

The brain Signup and view all the answers

Which condition is characterized by insufficient oxygen supply at the tissue level?

Hypoxemia Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a type of cell death?

Hyperplasia Signup and view all the answers

A solution with a pH greater than 7 is considered:

Basic Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary cause of tissue infarction?

Obstruction of blood supply Signup and view all the answers

What is the liquid component of blood that travels within the circulatory system?

Blood plasma Signup and view all the answers

Which process is defined as the death of body tissue due to inadequate blood flow?

Necrosis Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a correct pairing of a macromolecule and its monomer?

Nucleic Acids - Nucleotides Signup and view all the answers

Which condition can develop when the blood supply to a body area is interrupted?

Gangrene Signup and view all the answers

What are the main elements composing the molecular structure of carbohydrates?

Carbon, Oxygen, and Hydrogen Signup and view all the answers

What is the most prominent function of proteins within living systems?

To have a wide variety of functions including acting as enzymes and hormones Signup and view all the answers

What is a defining characteristic of lipids in relation to water?

They are hydrophobic Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary role of nucleic acids?

To carry the genetic information of a cell Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of a buffer in a solution?

To maintain a stable pH by counteracting added acids or bases. Signup and view all the answers

Which bodily system is primarily responsible for the creation of all blood cell lines?

The hematological system Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a function of enzymes?

Storing energy within the cell Signup and view all the answers

What physiological condition results from the lungs' inability to remove enough carbon dioxide from the body, leading to a decrease in blood pH?

Respiratory acidosis Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is characteristic of an acid when dissolved in water?

An acid donates H+ ions and has a ph below 7 Signup and view all the answers

What best describes how enzymes affect a chemical reaction's energy of activation?

Enzymes lower the energy of activation Signup and view all the answers

If a solution's pH is measured to be 6, what is the nature based on the provided information?

Acidic Signup and view all the answers

What is the immediate result of a buildup of carbon dioxide in the bloodstream due to inadequate removal by the lungs?

Decrease in blood pH Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a characteristic of prokaryotic cells?

Lack of a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles. Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes eukaryotic cells from prokaryotic cells?

Eukaryotic cells contain membrane-bound organelles. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a primary function of the skeletal system?

Facilitating the digestion process. Signup and view all the answers

What is a defining characteristic of steroids?

They have a rigid backbone of four carbon rings. Signup and view all the answers

What is a major role of phospholipids in cells?

Serving as the main component of the plasma membrane. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a key characteristic of saturated fats?

They are triglycerides with three saturated fatty acid tails. Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes unsaturated fats from saturated fats?

Unsaturated fats have one or more double bonds and are often liquid at room temperature. Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary effect of ischemia on the body?

A reduction in blood flow and oxygen to a part of the body. Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of directional terms in anatomy?

To delineate the positions of structures in relation to others Signup and view all the answers

If a structure is described as ipsilateral to another, what does that indicate?

It is on the same side of the body Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following describes a structure that is further from the point of attachment?

Distal Signup and view all the answers

According to the levels of biological organization, what is directly more complex than an organ?

Organ System Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary component of a tissue?

Similar types of cells Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following sequences accurately represents the organization from simpler to more complex?

Chemical, Cellular, Tissue, Organ Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following correctly describes the relationship between an atom and a molecule?

Atoms combine to form molecules. Signup and view all the answers

Which of these is NOT considered to be a subatomic particle?

Molecule Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Definitions and descriptions of important biological concepts, structures, and processes.
- Buffers: Minimize pH changes by converting strong acids or bases into weak ones. Resist pH change upon addition of acidic or basic components.
- Hematological system: Responsible for producing all blood cell lines.
- Enzymes: Lower activation energy, increase the rate of chemical reactions, catalytic activity but do not cause reactions or being consumed in reactions
- Respiratory acidosis: Condition where lungs can't remove enough carbon dioxide (CO2), causing blood to become acidic and pH to decline.
- Acids: Donate H+ when dissolved in water; acidic solutions have pH < 7.
- Bases: Accept H+ when dissolved in water; basic solutions have pH > 7
- Macromolecules: Carbohydrates (sugars), proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids (nucleotides). Key to life's continuity.
- Nucleic acids: Key macromolecules in the continuity of life, carrying genetic material and instructions for cell functions.
- Enzymes: Catalysts for specific biochemical reactions, produced by living organisms.
- Anatomy: Study of human structure.
- Physiology: Study of human function.
- Homeostasis: Maintaining a stable internal environment.
- Anatomical position: Erect posture with eyes and toes forward, upper limbs by the sides with palms anteriorly, lower limbs together with feet anteriorly.
- Median plane: Divides body into left and right halves.
- Sagittal plane: Divides body parallel to the median plane.
- Coronal/Frontal plane: Divides body perpendicular to the median plane into anterior and posterior aspects.
- Transverse/horizontal plane: Divides body into superior and inferior parts.
- Directional terms: Describe structure positions relative to other structures/locations in the body.
- Contralateral: Opposite side of the body.
- Ipsilateral: Same side of the body.
- Proximal: Closer to the point of attachment.
- Distal: Further from the point of attachment
- Levels of Biological organization: Organism, organ system, organ, tissue, cellular, and chemical.
- Extracellular fluid: Body fluid not contained within cells.
- Blood plasma: Liquid component of blood in the circulatory system.
- Functions of Lipids: Storing and providing energy, chemical messengers, cholesterol formation, regulating body temperature, prostaglandin formation and involvement in inflammation, and membrane lipid layer formation
- Saturated Fats: Triglycerides with three saturated fatty acid tails
- Unsaturated Fats: Triglycerides with one or more unsaturated fatty acid tails, most are liquid at room temperature.
- Ischemia: Condition where blood flow, and therefore oxygen, is restricted or reduced in a part of the body.
- Hypoxemia: Body or region of the body deprived of adequate oxygen supply at the tissue level..
- Infarction: Obstruction of blood supply to an organ/tissue, causing localized tissue death.
- Necrosis: Death of body tissue when blood flow to the tissue is low due to injury, radiation or chemicals.
- Gangrene: Tissue death due to blood supply interruption.
- Prokaryotic cells: Lack a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles; single-celled organisms found in bacteria and archaea domains.
- Eukaryotic cells: Contain a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles; basis for both single and multi-celled organisms.
- Atomic number: Number of protons in an element
- Atomic mass: Sum of protons and neutrons in an atom
- Protons: Positively charged subatomic particles
- Electrons: Negatively charged subatomic particles
- Neutrons: Neutral subatomic particles
- Steroids: Lipids with rigid backbones and characteristic four carbon ring pattern
- Phospholipid: Lipid with two hydrocarbon tails (often fatty acid derived) and a phosphate group; major component of plasma membrane.

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Description

Dive into essential biological concepts with this quiz that covers buffers, hematological systems, enzymes, and pH levels. Understand how macromolecules play a key role in life's continuity and learn about the mechanisms behind respiratory acidosis. Perfect for biology students looking to strengthen their grasp on these fundamental topics.

Biology Study Notes - Key Concepts

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