Biology STAAR Review Flashcards

Questions and Answers

What is a carbohydrate?

Biomolecule that is fat; makes up the cell membrane

Biomolecule that stores genetic material

Biomolecule made of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen; made of amino acids

Biomolecule made of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen; used to make energy (ATP) (correct)

What is the primary function of lipids?

Makes up the cell membrane, stores energy, and protects internal organs.

Which biomolecule is made up of amino acids?

Protein (correct)

Carbohydrate

Lipid

Nucleic acids

What do nucleic acids do?

Store genetic material and make proteins. Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of lysosomes?

Carries out the digestive processes in a cell. Signup and view all the answers

The rough ER is responsible for detoxification.

False Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the Golgi apparatus?

Sorts and distributes proteins. Signup and view all the answers

What is binary fission?

A process of cell division in bacteria Signup and view all the answers

What is mitosis?

Cell division in somatic cells for growth and development. Signup and view all the answers

What is meiosis?

Cell division in gametes that produces reproductive cells. Signup and view all the answers

What is the plasma membrane made of?

Phospholipid molecules. Signup and view all the answers

Define homeostasis.

Maintaining a balanced internal environment regardless of the external environment. Signup and view all the answers

What is passive transport?

Transport across a membrane without energy Signup and view all the answers

What is osmosis?

The diffusion of water across a membrane. Signup and view all the answers

Active transport does not require ATP.

False Signup and view all the answers

What is cellular respiration?

The process of transferring stored energy from glucose to ATP. Signup and view all the answers

What is the formula for cellular respiration?

C6H12O6 + 6O2 ---> 6CO2 + 6H2O + ATP. Signup and view all the answers

What is photosynthesis?

The process by which plants make their own food (glucose). Signup and view all the answers

What is the formula for photosynthesis?

6CO2 + 6H2O + sunlight ---> C6H12O6 + 6O2. Signup and view all the answers

What is a virus?

An infectious agent that replicates within living host cells. Signup and view all the answers

What is a bacteriophage?

A virus that attacks bacterial cells. Signup and view all the answers

What is DNA?

Deoxyribonucleic acid; contains hereditary information. Signup and view all the answers

What are nucleotides?

Building blocks of DNA; made of sugar, phosphate, and nitrogen base. Signup and view all the answers

What happens during DNA replication?

DNA must be duplicated before a cell can divide. Signup and view all the answers

What is RNA?

Ribonucleic acid; involved in making proteins. Signup and view all the answers

What is mRNA?

Messenger RNA; a copy of the DNA code. Signup and view all the answers

What is tRNA?

Transfer RNA; carries amino acids to ribosomes. Signup and view all the answers

What is rRNA?

Ribosomal RNA; makes up the ribosomes. Signup and view all the answers

What is a codon?

A sequence of 3 nucleotides of mRNA that codes for an amino acid. Signup and view all the answers

What is protein synthesis?

The process by which the cell makes proteins using the DNA code. Signup and view all the answers

What happens during transcription?

The DNA code is copied to make mRNA. Signup and view all the answers

What is translation?

tRNA brings amino acids to the ribosome to make a protein. Signup and view all the answers

What is genetics?

The study of heredity. Signup and view all the answers

What is an allele?

Alternate forms of genes located on chromosome pairs. Signup and view all the answers

What is phenotype?

Physical appearance of an organism. Signup and view all the answers

What is genotype?

Actual gene makeup. Signup and view all the answers

Homozygous means both genes are different.

False Signup and view all the answers

Heterozygous means both genes are the same.

False Signup and view all the answers

What is a Punnett square?

A chart used to predict possible genotypes and phenotypes. Signup and view all the answers

What is incomplete dominance?

When two different genes blend and produce a third phenotype. Signup and view all the answers

What is codominance?

Both alleles are expressed. Signup and view all the answers

What is a sex-linked trait?

A trait found on the X chromosome. Signup and view all the answers

What are multiple alleles?

Traits controlled by more than two alleles. Signup and view all the answers

What is a karyotype?

A picture of an organism's chromosomes. Signup and view all the answers

What is nondisjunction?

When chromosomes fail to separate during meiosis. Signup and view all the answers

What is a mutation?

A change in the DNA of a cell. Signup and view all the answers

What is evolution?

The theory that organisms change over time. Signup and view all the answers

What are homologous structures?

Structures that are similar, suggesting evolution from a common ancestor. Signup and view all the answers

What are vestigial structures?

Structures with little or no function but were used by ancestral organisms. Signup and view all the answers

What is natural selection?

A theory explaining the process of evolution based on favorable traits. Signup and view all the answers

What is taxonomy?

The science of naming and classifying organisms. Signup and view all the answers

What are the six kingdoms of life?

Archaebacteria, eubacteria, protista, fungi, plant, and animal. Signup and view all the answers

What are phyla?

Smaller groups within the six kingdoms. Signup and view all the answers

What is a scientific name?

Species name that includes the genus name followed by the specific name. Signup and view all the answers

Prokaryotic cells have a nucleus.

False Signup and view all the answers

Eukaryotic cells are smaller and less complex than prokaryotic cells.

False Signup and view all the answers

What are invertebrates?

Organisms with no backbone. Signup and view all the answers

What are vertebrates?

Organisms with a backbone. Signup and view all the answers

What are plant-like protists?

Algae that produce much of the Earth's oxygen. Signup and view all the answers

What are animal-like protists?

Protozoa classified by how they move. Signup and view all the answers

What are fungus-like protists?

Slime molds. Signup and view all the answers

What are mollusks?

Organisms with a muscular foot and mantle. Signup and view all the answers

What are arthropods?

Organisms with jointed appendages and an exoskeleton. Signup and view all the answers

What are echinoderms?

Organisms with spiny skin and tiny tube feet. Signup and view all the answers

What is melanin?

A pigment that gives skin color and protects from sun damage. Signup and view all the answers

What is the appendicular skeleton?

The bones of the arms and legs. Signup and view all the answers

What are villi?

Finger-like projections that absorb nutrients in the small intestine. Signup and view all the answers

What is a neuron?

A nerve cell. Signup and view all the answers

What is the cerebrum?

Part of the brain that controls conscious activities. Signup and view all the answers

What is the cerebellum?

Part of the brain that controls balance and coordination. Signup and view all the answers

What is the brain stem?

Part of the brain that controls involuntary activities. Signup and view all the answers

What is the pancreas?

Secretes insulin to regulate blood sugar levels. Signup and view all the answers

What is the pituitary gland?

A gland that secretes growth hormone. Signup and view all the answers

What does the thyroid gland secrete?

Thyroxin, which regulates metabolism. Signup and view all the answers

What do adrenal glands produce?

Hormones to prepare the body for 'fight or flight'. Signup and view all the answers

What are testes and ovaries responsible for?

Production of reproductive hormones. Signup and view all the answers

What are red blood cells?

Cells that contain hemoglobin and carry oxygen. Signup and view all the answers

What do white blood cells do?

Fight disease. Signup and view all the answers

What are platelets?

Cell fragments that help blood clot. Signup and view all the answers

What is plasma?

The liquid part of blood. Signup and view all the answers

What are arteries?

Blood vessels that carry blood away from the heart. Signup and view all the answers

What are veins?

Blood vessels that carry blood back to the heart. Signup and view all the answers

What are capillaries?

Tiny vessels that allow for nutrient and gas exchange. Signup and view all the answers

What are atria?

Upper chambers of the heart. Signup and view all the answers

What are ventricles?

Lower chambers of the heart. Signup and view all the answers

What are alveoli?

Tiny air sacs where gas exchange occurs. Signup and view all the answers

What is the trachea?

The windpipe. Signup and view all the answers

What are bronchial tubes?

Passageways from the trachea to the lungs. Signup and view all the answers

What are lungs?

Organs made up of tiny air sacs called alveoli. Signup and view all the answers

What is the integumentary system?

Skin, composed of dermis and epidermis. Signup and view all the answers

What is the skeletal system?

Supports the body and protects internal organs. Signup and view all the answers

What is the muscular system?

Lines organs and allows for movement. Signup and view all the answers

What is the digestive system?

Breaks down food for nutrient absorption. Signup and view all the answers

What is the nervous system?

Carries messages from the brain throughout the body. Signup and view all the answers

What is the endocrine system?

Produces hormones and regulates various body functions. Signup and view all the answers

What is the circulatory system?

Delivers oxygen and nutrients to cells. Signup and view all the answers

What is the respiratory system?

Takes in oxygen and releases carbon dioxide. Signup and view all the answers

What is the reproductive system?

Produces gametes and develops offspring. Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Biomolecules

Carbohydrates: Composed of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen. Primary role in providing energy; examples include starch and glucose.
Lipids: Fatty biomolecules essential for cell membrane structure (phospholipids) and energy storage; includes fats, oils, and waxes.
Proteins: Formed from amino acids; crucial for growth, repair, and metabolic functions. Examples: hemoglobin and enzymes.
Nucleic Acids: Store genetic information and assist in protein synthesis; primary types are DNA and RNA.

Cell Organelles

Lysosome: Responsible for cellular digestion, breaking down waste materials.
Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER): Studded with ribosomes; key site for protein synthesis.
Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum: Lacks ribosomes; involved in lipid synthesis and detoxification processes.
Golgi Apparatus: Modifies, sorts, and distributes proteins received from the ER.
Ribosomes: Small structures where protein synthesis occurs.

Cell Division

Binary Fission: Asexual reproduction in bacteria resulting in two identical cells.
Mitosis: A process of cell division in somatic (non-germ) cells, yielding two identical daughter cells.
Meiosis: Special type of cell division in gametes producing four genetically diverse cells with half the chromosome number.

Membrane Transport

Plasma Membrane: Semi-permeable barrier composed of phospholipids, regulating substance entry and exit.
Homeostasis: The ability of an organism to maintain stable internal conditions despite external changes.
Passive Transport: Movement of substances across the membrane without energy; examples include osmosis.
Active Transport: Requires cellular energy (ATP) to move substances against their concentration gradient.

Energy Processes

Cellular Respiration: Converts glucose into usable energy (ATP); chemical formula: C6H12O6 + 6O2 → 6CO2 + 6H2O + ATP.
Photosynthesis: Process by which plants convert sunlight into glucose; chemical formula: 6CO2 + 6H2O + sunlight → C6H12O6 + 6O2.

Genetics

DNA: Hereditary material composed of nucleotides; structure: double helix.
RNA: Involved in protein synthesis; single-stranded and contains uracil instead of thymine.
Genotype: Genetic constitution of an organism; expressed traits are phenotypes.
Alleles: Different forms of a gene; homozygous (same alleles) vs heterozygous (different alleles).
Punnett Square: Tool for predicting genotype and phenotype outcomes.

Evolution and Natural Selection

Evolution: The process by which organisms change over time through inherited traits.
Natural Selection: Mechanism of evolution where favorable traits enhance survival and reproduction.
Homologous Structures: Similar structures in different species suggest common ancestry.
Vestigial Structures: Reduced structures that serve little or no function but were functional in ancestors.

Taxonomy

Taxonomy: Science of classifying organisms; groups include kingdoms, phyla, class, and others.
Six Kingdoms: Archaebacteria, Eubacteria, Protista, Fungi, Plantae, Animalia.

Body Systems

Integumentary System: Comprises skin; protects and helps maintain internal balance.
Skeletal System: Provides structural support, protects organs, produces red blood cells.
Muscular System: Facilitates movement; includes cardiac, smooth, and skeletal muscles.
Digestive System: Breaks down food for nutrient absorption; components include mouth, stomach, and intestines.
Nervous System: Transmits signals through neurons; includes the brain and spinal cord.
Endocrine System: Regulates body functions through hormones; consists of glands like the pancreas and pituitary.
Circulatory System: Transports nutrients and oxygen; consists of the heart, arteries, veins, and capillaries.
Respiratory System: Involves gas exchange; key components include lungs and trachea.
Reproductive System: Produces gametes; involves male (sperm) and female (ovule) systems.

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Description

Test your knowledge of key biological terms with this STAAR review flashcards quiz. Cover essential biomolecules such as carbohydrates, lipids, and proteins along with their definitions and examples. Perfect for students preparing for the Biology STAAR exam!