Biology Semester 2 Study Guide - Mitosis and Meiosis

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Questions and Answers

What is the primary function of Mitosis?

Growth, replacement, and repair of cells (correct)

DNA replication

Genetic variation

Cellular reproduction

What is the end result of Meiosis?

4 genetically different diploid cells (correct)

2 genetically identical cells

2 genetically different diploid cells

4 genetically identical haploid cells

What is the importance of DNA replication in Mitosis and Meiosis?

To slow down cell division

To reduce genetic variation

To ensure genetic similarity

To ensure the correct number of chromosomes (correct)

What is the function of crossing-over in Meiosis?

To increase genetic diversity Signup and view all the answers

What is the result of gene shuffling?

Genetic diversity Signup and view all the answers

What is the structure of the DNA molecule?

Double Helix Deoxyribose nucleic acid Signup and view all the answers

What is the relationship between DNA, Chromosomes, and Genes?

DNA is organized into chromosomes, genes are segments of DNA that code for proteins Signup and view all the answers

How many chromosomes do human cells have?

46 chromosomes Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary role of mRNA in the cell?

To transcribe DNA into a complementary RNA molecule Signup and view all the answers

What is the name of the process by which DNA is replicated?

Replication Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for a genetic trait that is expressed when an individual has one dominant and one recessive allele?

Heterozygous Signup and view all the answers

What is the name of the square diagram used to predict the outcome of a cross between two parents with known genotypes?

Punnett Square Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for a genetic disease caused by a mutation in a single gene?

Monogenic Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the process by which genetic information is passed from DNA to RNA?

Transcription Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for a genetic disorder caused by an error during cell division?

Nondisjunction Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the physical expression of a genotype?

Phenotype Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Mitosis and Meiosis

Mitosis produces 2 genetically identical daughter cells, while Meiosis produces 4 genetically different diploid daughter cells.
Mitosis is for growth, replacement, and repair of cells, while Meiosis is for reproduction.
The end result of Mitosis is 2 genetically identical cells, while the end result of Meiosis is 4 genetically different diploid cells.

Functions of Mitosis and Meiosis

Mitosis is necessary for growth, replacement, and repair of cells.
Meiosis is necessary for reproduction, producing genetically diverse offspring.

DNA Replication in Mitosis and Meiosis

DNA replication is essential in Mitosis and Meiosis to produce identical or diverse daughter cells.
In Mitosis, the identical set of chromosomes is produced, while in Meiosis, the correct number of chromosomes is produced.

Chromosomes and Human Cells

Human cells have 46 chromosomes.

Crossing-Over and Gene Shuffling

Crossing-over is the exchange of genetic material amongst homologous chromosomes, increasing genetic diversity.
Gene shuffling is the distribution of chromosomes to vary others, leading to genetic variation.

DNA Structure and Function

DNA is a double helix, consisting of deoxyribose, phosphate, and nitrogenous bases.
The function of DNA is to provide instructions for protein synthesis.

DNA, Chromosomes, and Genes

DNA is organized into chromosomes, and genes are segments of DNA that code for proteins.
Genes code for proteins in the body, using DNA as a template.

RNA Types and Function

mRNA (messenger RNA) carries genetic information from DNA to the ribosome for protein synthesis.
You will need to identify the different types of RNA from diagrams.

DNA, Proteins, and Mutations

DNA interacts with proteins, and mutations can affect protein function.
Genetic diseases can result from mutations.

Replication, Transcription, and Translation

Replication is the process of creating an exact copy of DNA.
Transcription is the process of creating mRNA from DNA.
Translation is the process of creating proteins from mRNA.
You will need to explain the importance of each process.

Genetics and Inheritance

You need to be familiar with Mendel's experiments and Punnett Squares.
You will need to calculate the resulting ratios of a Punnett Square.
You will need to know the differences between Dominant and Recessive traits, Genotype and Phenotype, and Homozygous and Heterozygous genotypes.

Modes of Inheritance and Genetic Diseases

You will need to identify the modes of inheritance, including Autosomal and X-linked diseases.
You will need to know the causes and characteristics of Down, Klinefelter, and Turner's syndrome.
You will need to know the relationship between Sickle Cell anemia and genetic disease.

Nondisjunction and Genetic Disorders

Nondisjunction is the failure of chromosomes to separate properly during cell division.
Nondisjunction can lead to genetic disorders, such as Down, Klinefelter, and Turner's syndrome.

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Description

This quiz covers the key differences and functions of Mitosis and Meiosis, including identifying them in diagrams and understanding their purposes. It's a crucial part of biology studies in the second semester.