Biology Semester 2 Study Guide - Mitosis and Meiosis

Mitosis and Meiosis

• Mitosis produces 2 genetically identical daughter cells, while Meiosis produces 4 genetically different diploid daughter cells.
• Mitosis is for growth, replacement, and repair of cells, while Meiosis is for reproduction.
• The end result of Mitosis is 2 genetically identical cells, while the end result of Meiosis is 4 genetically different diploid cells.

Functions of Mitosis and Meiosis

• Mitosis is necessary for growth, replacement, and repair of cells.
• Meiosis is necessary for reproduction, producing genetically diverse offspring.

DNA Replication in Mitosis and Meiosis

• DNA replication is essential in Mitosis and Meiosis to produce identical or diverse daughter cells.
• In Mitosis, the identical set of chromosomes is produced, while in Meiosis, the correct number of chromosomes is produced.

Chromosomes and Human Cells

• Human cells have 46 chromosomes.

Crossing-Over and Gene Shuffling

• Crossing-over is the exchange of genetic material amongst homologous chromosomes, increasing genetic diversity.
• Gene shuffling is the distribution of chromosomes to vary others, leading to genetic variation.

DNA Structure and Function

• DNA is a double helix, consisting of deoxyribose, phosphate, and nitrogenous bases.
• The function of DNA is to provide instructions for protein synthesis.

DNA, Chromosomes, and Genes

• DNA is organized into chromosomes, and genes are segments of DNA that code for proteins.
• Genes code for proteins in the body, using DNA as a template.

RNA Types and Function

• mRNA (messenger RNA) carries genetic information from DNA to the ribosome for protein synthesis.
• You will need to identify the different types of RNA from diagrams.

DNA, Proteins, and Mutations

• DNA interacts with proteins, and mutations can affect protein function.
• Genetic diseases can result from mutations.

Replication, Transcription, and Translation

• Replication is the process of creating an exact copy of DNA.
• Transcription is the process of creating mRNA from DNA.
• Translation is the process of creating proteins from mRNA.
• You will need to explain the importance of each process.

Genetics and Inheritance

• You need to be familiar with Mendel's experiments and Punnett Squares.
• You will need to calculate the resulting ratios of a Punnett Square.
• You will need to know the differences between Dominant and Recessive traits, Genotype and Phenotype, and Homozygous and Heterozygous genotypes.

Modes of Inheritance and Genetic Diseases

• You will need to identify the modes of inheritance, including Autosomal and X-linked diseases.
• You will need to know the causes and characteristics of Down, Klinefelter, and Turner's syndrome.
• You will need to know the relationship between Sickle Cell anemia and genetic disease.

Nondisjunction and Genetic Disorders

• Nondisjunction is the failure of chromosomes to separate properly during cell division.
• Nondisjunction can lead to genetic disorders, such as Down, Klinefelter, and Turner's syndrome.