12 Questions
What is the primary difference between mitosis and meiosis?
Type of cells produced
What is the term for the community of living and non-living components interacting in an environment?
Ecosystem
What is the process of energy transfer through trophic levels?
Energy flow
What is the term for the process of change in ecosystem composition over time?
Ecological succession
What is the process of cytoplasmic division that results in the physical separation of daughter cells?
Cytokinesis
What is the term for the study of population growth, decline, or stability?
Population dynamics
What is the primary function of the cell membrane?
To regulate the movement of substances in and out of the cell
What is the main component of the cell wall in plant cells?
Cellulose
What is the site of many metabolic reactions within the cell?
Cytoplasm
What is the pairing rule for nitrogenous bases in DNA?
Adenine pairs with Thymine, Guanine pairs with Cytosine
What is the law that states that alleles separate during gamete formation?
Law of Segregation
What is the term for the genetic makeup of an individual?
Genotype
Study Notes
Cell Structure
-
Cell Membrane: Semi-permeable membrane that separates the cell from its environment
- Composed of phospholipid bilayer with embedded proteins
- Regulates movement of substances in and out of the cell
-
Cell Wall: Rigid outer layer that provides support and protection
- Found in plant cells, bacteria, and some fungi
- Composed of cellulose, peptidoglycan, or chitin
-
Cytoplasm: Jelly-like substance inside the cell membrane
- Site of many metabolic reactions
- Contains various organelles
-
Organelles: Specialized structures within the cytoplasm
- Examples: mitochondria, endoplasmic reticulum, ribosomes, lysosomes
Genetics
-
DNA Structure: Double helix model with sugar-phosphate backbone and nitrogenous bases
- Adenine (A) pairs with Thymine (T) and Guanine (G) pairs with Cytosine (C)
-
Genes: Segments of DNA that code for specific traits or proteins
- Can be dominant or recessive
-
Inheritance Patterns: Mendelian laws of inheritance
- Law of Segregation: alleles separate during gamete formation
- Law of Independent Assortment: genes sort independently during gamete formation
- Genotype and Phenotype: Genetic makeup (genotype) vs. physical expression (phenotype)
Ecology
-
Ecosystem: Community of living and non-living components interacting in an environment
- Examples: forest, desert, coral reef
-
Energy Flow: Energy transfer through trophic levels
- Producers (plants) → Consumers (herbivores) → Decomposers
-
Population Dynamics: Study of population growth, decline, or stability
- Factors affecting population growth: birth rate, death rate, migration
-
Ecological Succession: Process of change in ecosystem composition over time
- Primary succession: new ecosystem forms (e.g., after volcanic eruption)
- Secondary succession: ecosystem recovers from disturbance (e.g., forest fire)
Cell Division
-
Mitosis: Process of cell division resulting in two identical daughter cells
- Interphase → Prophase → Metaphase → Anaphase → Telophase
-
Meiosis: Process of gamete formation resulting in four non-identical daughter cells
- Interphase I → Prophase I → Metaphase I → Anaphase I → Telophase I
- Prophase II → Metaphase II → Anaphase II → Telophase II
-
Cytokinesis: Process of cytoplasmic division
- Occurs concurrently with mitosis or meiosis
- Results in physical separation of daughter cells
Test your knowledge of biology fundamentals, covering cell structure and function, genetics, ecological principles, and cell division processes. Review key concepts and terminology in these areas.
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