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Questions and Answers
What is the primary difference between mitosis and meiosis?
What is the primary difference between mitosis and meiosis?
What is the term for the community of living and non-living components interacting in an environment?
What is the term for the community of living and non-living components interacting in an environment?
What is the process of energy transfer through trophic levels?
What is the process of energy transfer through trophic levels?
What is the term for the process of change in ecosystem composition over time?
What is the term for the process of change in ecosystem composition over time?
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What is the process of cytoplasmic division that results in the physical separation of daughter cells?
What is the process of cytoplasmic division that results in the physical separation of daughter cells?
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What is the term for the study of population growth, decline, or stability?
What is the term for the study of population growth, decline, or stability?
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What is the primary function of the cell membrane?
What is the primary function of the cell membrane?
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What is the main component of the cell wall in plant cells?
What is the main component of the cell wall in plant cells?
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What is the site of many metabolic reactions within the cell?
What is the site of many metabolic reactions within the cell?
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What is the pairing rule for nitrogenous bases in DNA?
What is the pairing rule for nitrogenous bases in DNA?
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What is the law that states that alleles separate during gamete formation?
What is the law that states that alleles separate during gamete formation?
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What is the term for the genetic makeup of an individual?
What is the term for the genetic makeup of an individual?
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Study Notes
Cell Structure
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Cell Membrane: Semi-permeable membrane that separates the cell from its environment
- Composed of phospholipid bilayer with embedded proteins
- Regulates movement of substances in and out of the cell
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Cell Wall: Rigid outer layer that provides support and protection
- Found in plant cells, bacteria, and some fungi
- Composed of cellulose, peptidoglycan, or chitin
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Cytoplasm: Jelly-like substance inside the cell membrane
- Site of many metabolic reactions
- Contains various organelles
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Organelles: Specialized structures within the cytoplasm
- Examples: mitochondria, endoplasmic reticulum, ribosomes, lysosomes
Genetics
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DNA Structure: Double helix model with sugar-phosphate backbone and nitrogenous bases
- Adenine (A) pairs with Thymine (T) and Guanine (G) pairs with Cytosine (C)
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Genes: Segments of DNA that code for specific traits or proteins
- Can be dominant or recessive
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Inheritance Patterns: Mendelian laws of inheritance
- Law of Segregation: alleles separate during gamete formation
- Law of Independent Assortment: genes sort independently during gamete formation
- Genotype and Phenotype: Genetic makeup (genotype) vs. physical expression (phenotype)
Ecology
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Ecosystem: Community of living and non-living components interacting in an environment
- Examples: forest, desert, coral reef
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Energy Flow: Energy transfer through trophic levels
- Producers (plants) → Consumers (herbivores) → Decomposers
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Population Dynamics: Study of population growth, decline, or stability
- Factors affecting population growth: birth rate, death rate, migration
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Ecological Succession: Process of change in ecosystem composition over time
- Primary succession: new ecosystem forms (e.g., after volcanic eruption)
- Secondary succession: ecosystem recovers from disturbance (e.g., forest fire)
Cell Division
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Mitosis: Process of cell division resulting in two identical daughter cells
- Interphase → Prophase → Metaphase → Anaphase → Telophase
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Meiosis: Process of gamete formation resulting in four non-identical daughter cells
- Interphase I → Prophase I → Metaphase I → Anaphase I → Telophase I
- Prophase II → Metaphase II → Anaphase II → Telophase II
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Cytokinesis: Process of cytoplasmic division
- Occurs concurrently with mitosis or meiosis
- Results in physical separation of daughter cells
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Description
Test your knowledge of biology fundamentals, covering cell structure and function, genetics, ecological principles, and cell division processes. Review key concepts and terminology in these areas.
