Biology: Reproductive Strategies
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Questions and Answers

What type of reproduction results in genetically identical offspring?

  • Asexual reproduction (correct)
  • Parthenogenesis
  • Sexual reproduction
  • Hermaphroditism

    • What is the primary cellular process involved in asexual reproduction?

  • Cell differentiation
  • Meiosis
  • Fertilization
  • Mitosis (correct)

    • In sexual reproduction, what do the cells called gametes produce?

  • Diploid cells
  • Zygotes
  • Genetically identical cells
  • Fertilized eggs (correct)

    • Which of the following describes parthenogenesis?

    <p>Offspring produced from unfertilized eggs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In hermaphroditism, what unique ability do organisms possess?

    <p>They have both male and female reproductive organs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How is sex determined in mammals?

    <p>Early in development</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What occurs during budding, a type of asexual reproduction?

    <p>A part of the parent organism separates and grows into a new individual</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the male offspring produced by honeybees through parthenogenesis called?

    <p>Drones</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What initiates milk release during breastfeeding?

    <p>Oxytocin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does allometric growth refer to in fetal development?

    <p>Different parts of the body growing at different rates</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following methods of contraception prevents egg maturation?

    <p>Hormonal methods</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the causative agent of gonorrhea?

    <p>Neisseria gonorrhoeae</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which STD can lead to pelvic inflammatory disease if left untreated?

    <p>Chlamydia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following diseases can result in heart disease and mental deficiency if untreated?

    <p>Syphilis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What causes the gonads to develop into testes in an XY embryo?

    <p>A gene located on the Y chromosome.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which virus is primarily responsible for genital herpes?

    <p>Herpes simplex virus type 2</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which symptom is commonly associated with gonorrhea?

    <p>Discharge from the penis or vagina</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How is a child's assigned sex determined at birth?

    <p>By the physical appearance of the genitalia.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of sperm in human reproduction?

    <p>To serve as a carrier of genetic information.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why are the testes located in the scrotum?

    <p>To regulate the temperature necessary for sperm production.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where does spermatogenesis primarily occur in the testes?

    <p>Within the seminiferous tubules.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does the development of XX embryos differ from XY embryos early in gestation?

    <p>XX embryos develop ovaries instead of testes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role does the SRY gene play in sex determination?

    <p>It converts gonads into testes in males.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the relationship between gender identity and assigned sex?

    <p>They can differ from one another.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the hollow ball of cells that forms during cleavage?

    <p>Blastocyst</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the trophoblast in the blastocyst?

    <p>Releases hormones like hCG</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which membrane encloses the developing embryo during embryonic development?

    <p>Amnion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where does the placenta develop from?

    <p>Trophoblast</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What critical process begins in the fourth week of pregnancy?

    <p>Organogenesis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What structure forms above the notochord during early embryonic development?

    <p>Neural tube</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements about fetal development is true?

    <p>Spontaneous abortions are most common in the fourth week.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of somites in developing embryos?

    <p>To become muscles and vertebrae</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of smooth muscle contractions in the fallopian tube?

    <p>To move the egg towards the uterus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How long can sperm remain viable after fertilization?

    <p>Up to 6 days</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to the oocyte after the first sperm penetrates its protective layers?

    <p>It blocks the entry of other sperm</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During which phase of the menstrual cycle does the oocyte complete meiosis II?

    <p>Ovulation phase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary hormone responsible for initiating the follicular phase of the reproductive cycle?

    <p>FSH and LH</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What occurs when the female haploid nucleus joins with the male haploid nucleus?

    <p>The egg is fertilized and becomes a zygote</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which phase corresponds to days 0 to 14 of the menstrual cycle?

    <p>Follicular phase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of granulosa cells during fertilization?

    <p>To nourish the oocyte</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of the epididymis in sperm maturation?

    <p>It is where sperm develops motility.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is contained in the penis that is essential for its function?

    <p>Three cylinders of spongy tissue.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What initiates the erectile process in the penis?

    <p>Nerve impulses from the CNS.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is required for semen to be delivered during ejaculation?

    <p>Physical stimulation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How much semen is ejected during ejaculation?

    <p>2 to 5 ml.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What components are included in semen?

    <p>Sperm and secretions from glands.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to sperm before it is transported to the urethra?

    <p>It is mobilized through the vas deferens.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What primarily provides energy to the sperm within semen?

    <p>Fructose from the seminal vesicles.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common characteristic of organisms that undergo hermaphroditism?

    <p>They can generate both male and female gametes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement accurately describes the process of parthenogenesis?

    <p>It produces offspring from unfertilized eggs under certain conditions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which reproductive strategy typically requires another individual during the mating process?

    <p>Hermaphroditism.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In sexual reproduction, what is the significance of meiosis?

    <p>It produces gametes that contain half the chromosome number.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following terms is associated with the division resulting in haploid gametes?

    <p>Meiosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which process is directly involved in the asexual reproduction of an organism through budding?

    <p>The differentiation of a part of the parent into a new individual.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does the production of male drones in honeybees relate to parthenogenesis?

    <p>Drones are produced from unfertilized eggs.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement best summarizes the characteristics of asexual reproduction?

    <p>Offspring are genetically identical to the parent.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What triggers the resumption of meiosis in oocytes at puberty?

    <p>Surge of FSH and LH</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How many oocytes are typically ovulated in a woman's lifetime?

    <p>Around 400</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which structure is responsible for transporting eggs from the ovaries to the uterus?

    <p>Fallopian tubes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    At what stage do oocytes wait to receive the developmental signal to continue meiosis?

    <p>Primary oocyte stage</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of the endometrium in the female reproductive system?

    <p>Shed during menstruation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is considered a male to be sterile based on sperm count?

    <p>Fewer than 20 million sperm per ml</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What initiates the developmental signal for oocytes to progress in meiosis?

    <p>Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the average number of sperm present in an average ejaculate?

    <p>400 million</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of the trophoblast in the early stages of embryonic development?

    <p>To release hCG and form the placenta</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During which stage of development does the notochord form?

    <p>Third week of embryonic development</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What critical development process begins in the fourth week of human pregnancy?

    <p>Organogenesis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What forms from the inner cell mass of the blastocyst?

    <p>The developing embryo</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the amnion do during embryonic development?

    <p>Encloses the developing embryo</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does alcohol consumption during the crucial development period affect the embryo?

    <p>It leads to fetal alcohol syndrome and birth defects</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What forms as a result of the interaction between the trophoblast and uterine tissue?

    <p>The placenta</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which structure develops along the sides of the notochord during the third week of embryonic development?

    <p>The somites</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What significant morphological change occurs during the second month of pregnancy?

    <p>The embryo becomes distinctly human</p> Signup and view all the answers

    At what stage is the developing human referred to as a fetus?

    <p>At the end of the third month</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What characteristic feature is observed during the fifth month of pregnancy?

    <p>Appearance of lanugo on the fetus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What primarily fuels growth during the third trimester?

    <p>Blood supply from the mother's bloodstream via placenta</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What initiates the labor process at approximately 40 weeks of pregnancy?

    <p>Oxytocin and prostaglandins stimulating uterine contractions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What critical factor limits the fetus's survival outside the uterus by the end of the sixth month of pregnancy?

    <p>Inadequate lung development</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What occurs in the mammary glands after delivery?

    <p>Prolactin stimulates milk production</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of the placenta in fetal development?

    <p>It allows for nutrient exchange between maternal and fetal blood</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of chromosome configuration is present in a female embryo during the early stages of development?

    <p>XX</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which structure in the male reproductive system is primarily responsible for sperm production?

    <p>Seminiferous tubules</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main purpose of the SRY gene in male development?

    <p>To direct the development of testes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do the gonads develop in an XX embryo?

    <p>They become ovaries.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is the scrotum important for sperm development?

    <p>It maintains a cooler temperature than the body.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What point in development typically defines a child's assigned sex at birth?

    <p>Physical appearance of external genitalia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the anatomical site where spermatogenesis specifically begins?

    <p>Germinal cells in seminiferous tubules</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What can cause sperm to fail to develop properly in males?

    <p>Excessive body heat</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What characterizes allometric growth in fetal development?

    <p>Certain organs cease growing while others continue.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following correctly describes a common symptom of chlamydia in women?

    <p>Typically no symptoms until infection is established.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which method is NOT a form of contraception?

    <p>Increase in sexual arousal.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a potential consequence of untreated gonorrhea in women?

    <p>Pelvic inflammatory disease leading to infertility.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary infectious agent responsible for genital herpes?

    <p>Herpes simplex virus type 2 (HSV-2).</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What prevents sperm from reaching the uterus during menstruation?

    <p>Thick cervical mucus.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement about the symptoms of gonorrhea is true?

    <p>It causes discharge from the penis or vagina.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the long-term risk of untreated chlamydia in women?

    <p>Infertility due to pelvic inflammatory disease.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Asexual and Sexual Reproduction

    • Asexual reproduction creates offspring genetically identical to the parent.
    • Mitosis is the cell division process involved.
    • Examples include fission (one organism splits in two) and budding (part of the parent separates and develops into a new individual).

    Sexual Reproduction

    • Sexual reproduction involves the union of two cells (gametes).
    • Gametes are formed by meiosis in sex organs (gonads).
    • The union of sperm and egg forms a fertilized egg (zygote).
    • In vertebrates, the zygote develops into a multicellular organism through mitosis.

    Parthenogenesis

    • A special type of reproduction where offspring develop from unfertilized eggs.
    • In honeybees, if no sperm is used, the eggs develop into male drones.
    • If sperm is used, the eggs develop into female queens or workers.

    Hermaphroditism

    • A reproductive strategy where a single individual has both testes and ovaries, producing both sperm and eggs.
    • Most hermaphrodites need another individual to reproduce.
    • During mating, each individual switches roles, producing sperm and eggs alternately.

    Sex Determination in Mammals

    • In mammals, sex is determined early in development.
    • Reproductive systems are similar in male and female embryos for the first 40 days.
    • Embryos with XY chromosomes are male, with a gene (SRY) on the Y chromosome initiating testis development.
    • Embryos with XX chromosomes are female, and the gonads develop into ovaries.

    Male Reproductive System

    • Sperm are highly specialized cells for carrying genetic information.
    • Sperm development needs a temperature 3°C lower than body temperature, maintained within the scrotum.
    • The testes contain seminiferous tubules, where spermatogenesis (sperm production) occurs.
    • Sperm are produced from germinal cells and undergo meiosis to become mature sperm.
    • After production in the testes, sperm travel to the epididymis for maturation.
    • The vas deferens carries sperm to the urethra.
    • Semen consists of sperm and secretions from glands, providing energy for sperm.
    • Semen typically contains several hundred million sperm per ejaculate.

    Female Reproductive System

    • Eggs (oocytes) develop in the ovaries.
    • All oocytes are present at birth.
    • During each reproductive cycle, one or a few oocytes mature.
    • This maturation process is called ovulation.
    • Ovaries contain millions of primary oocytes, initiating the first meiotic division.
    • After puberty, usually only one oocyte matures per cycle.
    • The fallopian tubes (oviducts) transport the egg to the uterus.
    • The uterus lining (endometrium) thickens preparing for potential fertilization.
    • The cervix is the narrow muscular opening of the uterus.
    • After ovulation, if fertilization does not occur, the endometrium is shed, which is menstruation.
    • Sperm must reach the fallopian tubes to fertilize an egg, with sperm and egg being haploid and combining to form a zygote that is diploid

    Hormonal Control of the Reproductive Cycle

    • The menstrual cycle is regulated by hormones (FSH, LH, estrogen, and progesterone).
    • The follicular phase prepares the egg for ovulation.
    • The luteal phase prepares the uterus for a potential pregnancy.
    • If fertilization occurs, hCG is released to prevent menstruation.
    • hCG maintains the corpus luteum (which secretes progesterone), ensuring the endometrium does not shed.

    Embryonic Development

    • Cleavage is the rapid cell division of the zygote into smaller cells.
    • The blastocyst contains an inner cell mass that becomes the embryo and an outer trophoblast that produces hCG.
    • Implantation is the embedding of the blastocyst into the uterine wall.
    • This initiates the formation of membranes (amnion and chorion) surrounding the embryo.
    • The chorion is involved in placenta development to provide nutrients to the developing embryo from the mother's blood supply.
    • In the third week of development, the embryo starts developing into tissues and organs, with the notochord, neural tube, and somites forming.

    Fetal Development

    • Organogenesis begins in the fourth week of pregnancy and is crucial for proper development, where alcohol use can have adverse effects.
    • The second trimester is a period of rapid growth and morphological changes, with the embryo distinguishing into a human form.
    • Development is nearly complete by the end of the third trimester.
    • The placenta facilitates nutritional exchange between the mother and the fetus.

    Birth

    • Birth begins around 40 weeks after the last menstrual cycle.
    • Oxytocin and prostaglandins stimulate uterine contractions.
    • After birth, the mammary glands are prepared to produce milk, stimulated by the hormone prolactin.
    • Oxytocin is released in response to infant suckling, initiating milk release.

    Contraception and STDs

    • Birth control methods vary in their effectiveness and acceptability.
    • Sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) are spread through sexual contact.
    • Examples include gonorrhea, chlamydia, syphilis, and genital herpes.
    • Cervical cancer is also linked to HPV (human papillomavirus), with prevention strategies available.

    Growth after Birth

    • Growth continues after birth, with differing rates in different organs.
    • This is called allometric growth.
    • Neurological growth extends long after birth.

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    Description

    Explore the fascinating world of reproduction in biology, focusing on asexual and sexual reproduction, including processes like mitosis and meiosis. Learn about unique reproductive strategies such as parthenogenesis and hermaphroditism. Test your understanding of these concepts with this engaging quiz!

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