Biology Reproduction Quiz

Reproduction

• Reproduction is the process of making more of the same kind of organism.
• Two types of reproduction: sexual and asexual.

Asexual Reproduction

• Definition: A type of reproduction producing genetically identical offspring from one parent without producing gametes.
• Key examples: binary fission, budding, spores, and tubers.

Binary Fission

• Bacteria reproduce by dividing into two.
• Each daughter cell is an independent bacterium.
• In some cases, cell division happens every 20 minutes, leading to rapid population growth.

Budding in Yeast

• A new yeast cell grows from the parent.
• The new cell eventually separates from the parent.
• This leads to a chain of yeast cells.

Spores in Fungi

• Fungi reproduce using spores.
• Spores are contained in sporangia.
• When spores land in suitable conditions, they germinate to form new fungi.

Tuber Formation in Potatoes

• Tubers are short underground stems or roots that store food.
• They have grooves called "eyes" containing buds with scale leaves.
• In favorable conditions, buds grow, producing new shoots and roots.

Advantages of Asexual Reproduction

• Rapid process: No need for a mating partner.
• Identical strains: Useful if parents have desirable traits.
• Tolerance to unfavorable conditions: Can withstand harsh conditions using stored food.
• Maintenance of good strains: Exact copies of good strains with no variation are produced.

Disadvantages of Asexual Reproduction

• No variety in offspring: Less adaptable to environmental changes.
• Risk from diseases: If an organism has a disease, it will be transferred to all offsprings.
• Overcrowding: More competition for resources.

Sexual Reproduction

• A process involving the fusion of haploid nuclei to form a diploid zygote and the production of genetically different offspring.

Reproduction in Plants

• Key parts of an insect-pollinated flower: sepals, petals, stamens, filaments, anthers, carpels, style, stigma, ovary, and ovules.
• Functions of these parts are described in more detail.
• Different types of pollination are explained: self-pollination and cross-pollination.
• Self-pollination: Pollen transfer within the same flower or between flowers on the same plant.
• Cross-pollination: Pollen transfer between flowers on different plants of the same species.
• Characteristics of self- and cross-pollinated flowers are described.
• Advantages and disadvantages of self and cross-pollination are explained.
• Agents or methods of pollination include wind, animals and insects.

Pollen Grains

• Features of pollen grains for wind pollination versus insect pollination are described.

Fertilization

• Occurs when a pollen grain lands on the stigma.
• A pollen tube grows from the pollen grain to the ovule, carrying the male gamete (sperm).
• The male and female gametes fuse to form a zygote.

Changes After Fertilization

• Sepals, petals, stamens, and the style wither away.
• Ovules develop into seeds.
• Ovary develops into fruit (containing seeds).
• The fruit has functions in seed protection, seed dispersal, and storage of food.

Structure of a Non-Endospermic Seed

• Testa
• Cotyledons
• Radical
• Plumule
• Micropyle (pathway for water)

Dispersal of Seeds and Fruits

• Advantages and Disadvantages of dispersal are described.

Types of Dispersal

• Wind dispersal
• Animal dispersal
• Indigestible seeds and fruits

Germination

• Stages leading to plant growth from a seed or spore.
• Conditions needed for germination include water, oxygen, and suitable temperature.
• Impact of dry and fresh plant mass during germination is explained.

Reproduction in Humans

• Internal fertilization: Fusion of gametes inside the female body.
• Internal development: Embryo development inside the female body.
• Gonads: Structures producing gametes.
• Male gonads: Testes.
• Female gonads: Ovaries.

The Female Reproductive System

• Structures such as fallopian tubes, ovaries, uterus, cervix, and vagina are described.
• Their properties and functions are detailed.

The Male Reproductive System

• Structures such as testes, scrotal sac, epididymis, sperm duct, and urethra are described.
• Their properties and functions are detailed.
• Gametes in animals are described.

Sperm and Ovum Adaptive Features

• Sperms and ovums are described
• Adaptations to aid in reproduction are explained. This includes the shape, size and functions of the different parts of both gametes.

Fertilization (Humans)

• The semen is deposited in the vagina.
• Sperms travel through the cervix and uterus to reach the egg.
• A sperm fertilizes the egg, forming a zygote.

Important Terms (Human Reproduction)

• Terms like zygote, embryo, fetus, and ovulation are explained.
• Differences between embryo and fetus stages are highlighted

Menstruation

• Breakdown of the uterine lining if no fertilization occurs.
• The drops in levels of hormones during different stages of menstruation are explained.

Stages of the Menstrual Cycle

• Key hormones involved, such as FSH, LH, estrogen, and progesterone, are explained.
• Changes in the uterus lining related to hormonal changes are described.

Placenta

• Role in gas exchange, nutrient and waste transport, hormone secretion.
• Importance of protection of the fetus (from high blood pressure, bacteria, and blood group incompatibility)

Umbilical Cord

• Structure and function of the umbilical cord in connecting the fetus to the placenta.

Sexually Transmitted Diseases (STDs)

• Definition, causes (HIV), methods of transmission, and ways to avoid contracting STDs.

How HIV Affects the Immune System

• HIV weakens the immune system by infecting and destroying lymphocytes.

Fertility Drugs

• Drugs that stimulate the development and production of eggs by the ovaries.

Artificial Insemination

• Procedure for fertilization outside the body of the female, including the social implications (e.g. donor use)

Sex Hormones

• Roles of male and female sex hormones in primary and secondary sexual characteristics.

Outline use of hormones in contraception and fertility treatments

• Use of hormones in both contraception and fertility treatments, including their mechanisms.