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Questions and Answers
What is the primary function of testosterone in males?
What is the primary function of testosterone in males?
Why is the scrotum located outside the body?
Why is the scrotum located outside the body?
What role does the epididymis play in the male reproductive system?
What role does the epididymis play in the male reproductive system?
What is the function of the urethra in males?
What is the function of the urethra in males?
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What substances are secreted by the seminal vesicles?
What substances are secreted by the seminal vesicles?
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How does the penis achieve an erection?
How does the penis achieve an erection?
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What prevents urination during ejaculation?
What prevents urination during ejaculation?
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What is the purpose of alkaline material in seminal fluid?
What is the purpose of alkaline material in seminal fluid?
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What is the primary function of the ovaries in the female reproductive system?
What is the primary function of the ovaries in the female reproductive system?
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Which structure is known as the site of fertilization in the female reproductive system?
Which structure is known as the site of fertilization in the female reproductive system?
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What occurs to the uterine lining if fertilization does not take place?
What occurs to the uterine lining if fertilization does not take place?
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What is the role of the placenta during pregnancy?
What is the role of the placenta during pregnancy?
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How often does each ovary produce an ovum in the female reproductive cycle?
How often does each ovary produce an ovum in the female reproductive cycle?
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Which hormone is predominantly produced by the ovaries?
Which hormone is predominantly produced by the ovaries?
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What is the function of the amniotic sac during pregnancy?
What is the function of the amniotic sac during pregnancy?
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What is the main reproductive hormone produced by the male testes?
What is the main reproductive hormone produced by the male testes?
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What is the main function of the acrosome in a sperm cell?
What is the main function of the acrosome in a sperm cell?
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Which statement describes the jelly coat of an ovum after fertilization?
Which statement describes the jelly coat of an ovum after fertilization?
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Which of the following structures in the sperm cell is responsible for movement?
Which of the following structures in the sperm cell is responsible for movement?
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What happens immediately after a sperm successfully penetrates an egg?
What happens immediately after a sperm successfully penetrates an egg?
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What is the significance of the nucleus in a sperm cell?
What is the significance of the nucleus in a sperm cell?
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What characterizes the ovum compared to the sperm?
What characterizes the ovum compared to the sperm?
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Which event occurs if fertilization does not take place?
Which event occurs if fertilization does not take place?
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What hormone drop triggers menstruation?
What hormone drop triggers menstruation?
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Flashcards
Testosterone
Testosterone
The male sex hormone produced in males.
Scrotum
Scrotum
A sac of skin that holds testes outside the body.
Epididymis
Epididymis
A coiled tube that stores sperm and helps in ejaculation.
Sperm duct
Sperm duct
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Urethra
Urethra
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Seminal vesicles
Seminal vesicles
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Prostate gland
Prostate gland
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Penis
Penis
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Ovaries
Ovaries
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Gametes
Gametes
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Oviduct
Oviduct
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Uterus
Uterus
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Menstruation
Menstruation
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Implantation
Implantation
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Sperm
Sperm
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Estrogen
Estrogen
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Sperm nucleus
Sperm nucleus
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Acrosome
Acrosome
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Mitochondria in sperm
Mitochondria in sperm
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Sperm tail (flagellum)
Sperm tail (flagellum)
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Ovum stored food
Ovum stored food
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Fertilization membrane
Fertilization membrane
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Zygote
Zygote
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Study Notes
Reproduction
- Reproduction is the process of making more of the same kind of organism.
- Two types of reproduction: sexual and asexual.
Asexual Reproduction
- Definition: A type of reproduction producing genetically identical offspring from one parent without producing gametes.
- Key examples: binary fission, budding, spores, and tubers.
Binary Fission
- Bacteria reproduce by dividing into two.
- Each daughter cell is an independent bacterium.
- In some cases, cell division happens every 20 minutes, leading to rapid population growth.
Budding in Yeast
- A new yeast cell grows from the parent.
- The new cell eventually separates from the parent.
- This leads to a chain of yeast cells.
Spores in Fungi
- Fungi reproduce using spores.
- Spores are contained in sporangia.
- When spores land in suitable conditions, they germinate to form new fungi.
Tuber Formation in Potatoes
- Tubers are short underground stems or roots that store food.
- They have grooves called "eyes" containing buds with scale leaves.
- In favorable conditions, buds grow, producing new shoots and roots.
Advantages of Asexual Reproduction
- Rapid process: No need for a mating partner.
- Identical strains: Useful if parents have desirable traits.
- Tolerance to unfavorable conditions: Can withstand harsh conditions using stored food.
- Maintenance of good strains: Exact copies of good strains with no variation are produced.
Disadvantages of Asexual Reproduction
- No variety in offspring: Less adaptable to environmental changes.
- Risk from diseases: If an organism has a disease, it will be transferred to all offsprings.
- Overcrowding: More competition for resources.
Sexual Reproduction
- A process involving the fusion of haploid nuclei to form a diploid zygote and the production of genetically different offspring.
Reproduction in Plants
- Key parts of an insect-pollinated flower: sepals, petals, stamens, filaments, anthers, carpels, style, stigma, ovary, and ovules.
- Functions of these parts are described in more detail.
- Different types of pollination are explained: self-pollination and cross-pollination.
- Self-pollination: Pollen transfer within the same flower or between flowers on the same plant.
- Cross-pollination: Pollen transfer between flowers on different plants of the same species.
- Characteristics of self- and cross-pollinated flowers are described.
- Advantages and disadvantages of self and cross-pollination are explained.
- Agents or methods of pollination include wind, animals and insects.
Pollen Grains
- Features of pollen grains for wind pollination versus insect pollination are described.
Fertilization
- Occurs when a pollen grain lands on the stigma.
- A pollen tube grows from the pollen grain to the ovule, carrying the male gamete (sperm).
- The male and female gametes fuse to form a zygote.
Changes After Fertilization
- Sepals, petals, stamens, and the style wither away.
- Ovules develop into seeds.
- Ovary develops into fruit (containing seeds).
- The fruit has functions in seed protection, seed dispersal, and storage of food.
Structure of a Non-Endospermic Seed
- Testa
- Cotyledons
- Radical
- Plumule
- Micropyle (pathway for water)
Dispersal of Seeds and Fruits
- Advantages and Disadvantages of dispersal are described.
Types of Dispersal
- Wind dispersal
- Animal dispersal
- Indigestible seeds and fruits
Germination
- Stages leading to plant growth from a seed or spore.
- Conditions needed for germination include water, oxygen, and suitable temperature.
- Impact of dry and fresh plant mass during germination is explained.
Reproduction in Humans
- Internal fertilization: Fusion of gametes inside the female body.
- Internal development: Embryo development inside the female body.
- Gonads: Structures producing gametes.
- Male gonads: Testes.
- Female gonads: Ovaries.
The Female Reproductive System
- Structures such as fallopian tubes, ovaries, uterus, cervix, and vagina are described.
- Their properties and functions are detailed.
The Male Reproductive System
- Structures such as testes, scrotal sac, epididymis, sperm duct, and urethra are described.
- Their properties and functions are detailed.
- Gametes in animals are described.
Sperm and Ovum Adaptive Features
- Sperms and ovums are described
- Adaptations to aid in reproduction are explained. This includes the shape, size and functions of the different parts of both gametes.
Fertilization (Humans)
- The semen is deposited in the vagina.
- Sperms travel through the cervix and uterus to reach the egg.
- A sperm fertilizes the egg, forming a zygote.
Important Terms (Human Reproduction)
- Terms like zygote, embryo, fetus, and ovulation are explained.
- Differences between embryo and fetus stages are highlighted
Menstruation
- Breakdown of the uterine lining if no fertilization occurs.
- The drops in levels of hormones during different stages of menstruation are explained.
Stages of the Menstrual Cycle
- Key hormones involved, such as FSH, LH, estrogen, and progesterone, are explained.
- Changes in the uterus lining related to hormonal changes are described.
Placenta
- Role in gas exchange, nutrient and waste transport, hormone secretion.
- Importance of protection of the fetus (from high blood pressure, bacteria, and blood group incompatibility)
Umbilical Cord
- Structure and function of the umbilical cord in connecting the fetus to the placenta.
Sexually Transmitted Diseases (STDs)
- Definition, causes (HIV), methods of transmission, and ways to avoid contracting STDs.
How HIV Affects the Immune System
- HIV weakens the immune system by infecting and destroying lymphocytes.
Fertility Drugs
- Drugs that stimulate the development and production of eggs by the ovaries.
Artificial Insemination
- Procedure for fertilization outside the body of the female, including the social implications (e.g. donor use)
Sex Hormones
- Roles of male and female sex hormones in primary and secondary sexual characteristics.
Outline use of hormones in contraception and fertility treatments
- Use of hormones in both contraception and fertility treatments, including their mechanisms.
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Description
Test your knowledge on the different types of reproduction in organisms, focusing on sexual and asexual methods. This quiz covers key concepts such as binary fission, budding, spores, and tuber formation. Perfect for those studying general biology or life sciences.
