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A fundamental biological process in which new individual organisms ("Offspring g") are produced from their "Parents"

Ensures the continuity of the species

Reproduction

The ability to reproduce is one of the most important aspects of life because no organism can live forever.

Reproduction

Parents produces genetically similar/identical offspring

Asexual reproduction

Production of gametes (Sex cells) via meiosis Fusion of male and female gametes (Fertilisation)

Sexual reproduction Signup and view all the answers

is the mode of reproduction that does not involve the fusion of male and female gametes.

Asexual reproduction Signup and view all the answers

It is a mode of reproduction that involves fertilization or the fusion of male and female gametes.

Sexual reproduction Signup and view all the answers

Single parent involved. No fertilization or gamete formation takes place. This process of reproduction occurs in a very short time. The organisms multiply and grow rapidly. The offspring is genetically similar.

Asexual reproduction Signup and view all the answers

It usually occur in a complex multicellular organisms. It involved fusion of gametes from different individual and hence bring about diverse character. It also leads to incorporate new combinations of genes.

Sexual reproduction Signup and view all the answers

An organism is reproduced by forming an outgrowth, or a "bud", from a part of the parent organism's body.

Budding Signup and view all the answers

An organism is produced from detached body part of its parent

Fragmentation Signup and view all the answers

Organism (embryo) develops from an unfertilized egg cell (after meiosis) half clones or full clones

Parthenonegesis Signup and view all the answers

Also known as 'virgin development', is a form of reproduction in which an unfertilized egg develops into an adult animal.

Parthenogenesis Signup and view all the answers

External fertilization (egg cells released into the environment and fertilized by males)

OVULIPARITY Signup and view all the answers

Internal fertilization

Lay eggs

Little embryonic development in mother

Oviparity Signup and view all the answers

Internal fertilization Embryos develop in eggs and hatch within parent Give birth to live young No placenta

OVOVIVIPARITY Signup and view all the answers

Embryos acquire nutrients from:

other tissues (skin/glands)

oophagy (feeding on eggs produces by ovary) e.g. some sharks

adelphophagy (fetus feeds on sibling embryos) e.g. marine snails and worms, some sharks

HISTOTROPHIC VIVIPARITY Signup and view all the answers

Embryo acquires nutrients from female (often from placenta)

HEMOTROPHIC VIVIPARITY Signup and view all the answers

Organism can have both male and female reproductive organs

HERMAPHRODITISM Signup and view all the answers

Individual born as one sex but change into the opposite sex

Sequential hermaphrodites Signup and view all the answers

Individual has both male and female sexual organs at the same time

Simultaneous hermaphrodites Signup and view all the answers

Natural methods of asexual reproduction includes self- propagation such as budding, vegetative propagation, and spore formation

Natural methods Signup and view all the answers

is the mode of asexual reproduction wherein a new plant is developed from an outgrowth known as the bud. is generally formed due to cell division at one particular site.

Budding Signup and view all the answers

It's any form of asexual reproduction in plants, in which new plants are produced from its vegetative Plants

Vegetative propagation Signup and view all the answers

Common Techniques of Vegetative Propagation

Stem,roots, leaves Signup and view all the answers

Runners are the stems which usually grow in a horizontal form above the ground. They have the nodes where the buds are formed. These buds usually grow into a new plant

Stems Signup and view all the answers

A new plant is developed from modified roots called tubers.

Roots Signup and view all the answers

In some plants, detached leaves from the parent plant can be used to grow a new plant. They exhibit growth of small plants, called plantlets, on the edge of their leaves.

Leaves Signup and view all the answers

is an asexual reproductive body, surrounded by a hard protective cover to withstand unfavourable conditions. Under favourable conditions, these spores germinate and grow into new plants.

Spore formation Signup and view all the answers

of asexual reproduction include cutting, grafting, layering, and micropropagation.

Artificial methods Signup and view all the answers

In this method, a part of a plant is cut along with the node and is buried in the soil. The cutting is watered regularly. this is the cheapest method of vegetative propagation in plants.

Cutting Signup and view all the answers

In this method, the parts of two different plants are joined together such that they continue to grow as a single plant. The rooted plant is known as the stock. The other plant is known as the graft.

Grafting Signup and view all the answers

This is the method of producing a large number of plants from an explant under laboratory conditions within a short time interval. This facilitates the growth of rare and endangered plant species that are difficult to grow under natural conditions.

Micropropagation Signup and view all the answers

Reproduction in plants takes place sexually and asexually as well. But the majority of the flowering plants reproduce sexually. The flower is the reproductive part of a plant i.e., both male and female gametes are produced by f bwers. Sexual reproduction in plants takes place in flowers.

Sexual reproduction in plans Signup and view all the answers

To form a zygote, male gametes in pollen grains fuse with the egg in the ovule.

Pollination is the process of transferring pollen grains from the anther - male part of a flower, to the stigma female part of a flower.

Pollination Signup and view all the answers

Methods of Pollination

By bees and by wind Signup and view all the answers

TWO TYPES OF POLLINATION

SELF-POLLINATION CROSS-POLLINATION Signup and view all the answers

A pollination where the pollen transfer takes place between the anther and stigma of the same flower

Self pollination Signup and view all the answers

A pollination where the pollen transfer takes place between the anther and the stigma of different flowers of the same plant or different plants of the same species.

Cross pollination Signup and view all the answers

Process of Pollination

Pollen Production,Attracting Pollinators,Transfer of Pollen,Arrival at Another Flower Signup and view all the answers

The anther produces pollen, which contains the male reproductive cells (gametes).

Pollen production Signup and view all the answers

The flower may use its colourful petals, fragrance or nectar to attract pollinators like bees, butterflies or birds.

Attracting pollinators Signup and view all the answers

When a pollinator visits a flower for nectar or pollen, it brushes against the anther, picking up and carrying pollen grains on its body.

Transfer of pollen Signup and view all the answers

The pollinator moves to another flower of the same species (or a compatible one). Some of the previously collected pollen may rub off onto the stigma of the second flower.

Arrival at another flowers Signup and view all the answers

Process of Fertilisation

Fertilisation,Seed Formation,Seed Dispersal and Germination Signup and view all the answers

The pollen on the stigma germinates and sends a pollen tube dawn into the flower's ovary. This tube delivers the male gametes to the ovule, where fertilisation occurs.

Fertillization Signup and view all the answers

The ovule develops into a seed, and the flower's ovary matures into a fruit, enclosing the seeds.

Seed formation Signup and view all the answers

The mature fruit can be eaten by animals, carried by the wind, or float in water, allowing seeds to be carried to new locations and grow into a new plant.

Seed Dispersal and Germination Signup and view all the answers

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A fundamental biological process in which new individual organisms ("Offspring g") are produced from their "Parents" Ensures the continuity of the species

The ability to reproduce is one of the most important aspects of life because no organism can live forever.

Parents produces genetically similar/identical offspring

Production of gametes (Sex cells) via meiosis Fusion of male and female gametes (Fertilisation)

is the mode of reproduction that does not involve the fusion of male and female gametes.

It is a mode of reproduction that involves fertilization or the fusion of male and female gametes.

Single parent involved. No fertilization or gamete formation takes place. This process of reproduction occurs in a very short time. The organisms multiply and grow rapidly. The offspring is genetically similar.

It usually occur in a complex multicellular organisms. It involved fusion of gametes from different individual and hence bring about diverse character. It also leads to incorporate new combinations of genes.

An organism is reproduced by forming an outgrowth, or a "bud", from a part of the parent organism's body.

An organism is produced from detached body part of its parent

Organism (embryo) develops from an unfertilized egg cell (after meiosis) half clones or full clones

Also known as 'virgin development', is a form of reproduction in which an unfertilized egg develops into an adult animal.

External fertilization (egg cells released into the environment and fertilized by males)

Internal fertilization Lay eggs Little embryonic development in mother

Internal fertilization Embryos develop in eggs and hatch within parent Give birth to live young No placenta

Embryos acquire nutrients from: other tissues (skin/glands) oophagy (feeding on eggs produces by ovary) e.g. some sharks adelphophagy (fetus feeds on sibling embryos) e.g. marine snails and worms, some sharks

Embryo acquires nutrients from female (often from placenta)

Organism can have both male and female reproductive organs

Individual born as one sex but change into the opposite sex

Individual has both male and female sexual organs at the same time

Natural methods of asexual reproduction includes self- propagation such as budding, vegetative propagation, and spore formation

is the mode of asexual reproduction wherein a new plant is developed from an outgrowth known as the bud. is generally formed due to cell division at one particular site.

It's any form of asexual reproduction in plants, in which new plants are produced from its vegetative Plants

Common Techniques of Vegetative Propagation

Runners are the stems which usually grow in a horizontal form above the ground. They have the nodes where the buds are formed. These buds usually grow into a new plant

A new plant is developed from modified roots called tubers.

In some plants, detached leaves from the parent plant can be used to grow a new plant. They exhibit growth of small plants, called plantlets, on the edge of their leaves.

is an asexual reproductive body, surrounded by a hard protective cover to withstand unfavourable conditions. Under favourable conditions, these spores germinate and grow into new plants.

of asexual reproduction include cutting, grafting, layering, and micropropagation.

In this method, a part of a plant is cut along with the node and is buried in the soil. The cutting is watered regularly. this is the cheapest method of vegetative propagation in plants.

In this method, the parts of two different plants are joined together such that they continue to grow as a single plant. The rooted plant is known as the stock. The other plant is known as the graft.

This is the method of producing a large number of plants from an explant under laboratory conditions within a short time interval. This facilitates the growth of rare and endangered plant species that are difficult to grow under natural conditions.

Reproduction in plants takes place sexually and asexually as well. But the majority of the flowering plants reproduce sexually. The flower is the reproductive part of a plant i.e., both male and female gametes are produced by f bwers. Sexual reproduction in plants takes place in flowers.

To form a zygote, male gametes in pollen grains fuse with the egg in the ovule. Pollination is the process of transferring pollen grains from the anther - male part of a flower, to the stigma female part of a flower.

Methods of Pollination

TWO TYPES OF POLLINATION

A pollination where the pollen transfer takes place between the anther and stigma of the same flower

A pollination where the pollen transfer takes place between the anther and the stigma of different flowers of the same plant or different plants of the same species.

Process of Pollination

The anther produces pollen, which contains the male reproductive cells (gametes).

The flower may use its colourful petals, fragrance or nectar to attract pollinators like bees, butterflies or birds.

When a pollinator visits a flower for nectar or pollen, it brushes against the anther, picking up and carrying pollen grains on its body.

The pollinator moves to another flower of the same species (or a compatible one). Some of the previously collected pollen may rub off onto the stigma of the second flower.

Process of Fertilisation

The pollen on the stigma germinates and sends a pollen tube dawn into the flower's ovary. This tube delivers the male gametes to the ovule, where fertilisation occurs.

The ovule develops into a seed, and the flower's ovary matures into a fruit, enclosing the seeds.

The mature fruit can be eaten by animals, carried by the wind, or float in water, allowing seeds to be carried to new locations and grow into a new plant.

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A fundamental biological process in which new individual organisms ("Offspring g") are produced from their "Parents"

Ensures the continuity of the species

Internal fertilization

Lay eggs

Little embryonic development in mother

Embryos acquire nutrients from:

other tissues (skin/glands)

oophagy (feeding on eggs produces by ovary) e.g. some sharks

adelphophagy (fetus feeds on sibling embryos) e.g. marine snails and worms, some sharks

To form a zygote, male gametes in pollen grains fuse with the egg in the ovule.

Pollination is the process of transferring pollen grains from the anther - male part of a flower, to the stigma female part of a flower.