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What is the primary function of endosperm in plant fertilization?
What is the primary function of endosperm in plant fertilization?
Which process in plants is more energy-efficient and resource-utilizing compared to animals?
Which process in plants is more energy-efficient and resource-utilizing compared to animals?
What is the sequence of organs in the digestive tract of animals?
What is the sequence of organs in the digestive tract of animals?
What is the purpose of stomata in plant leaves?
What is the purpose of stomata in plant leaves?
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What is the primary function of the pulmonary circulation?
What is the primary function of the pulmonary circulation?
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What is the result of the second fertilization event in double fertilization?
What is the result of the second fertilization event in double fertilization?
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What is the main difference between chemoreceptors and photoreceptors?
What is the main difference between chemoreceptors and photoreceptors?
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What is the primary function of the xylem in plants?
What is the primary function of the xylem in plants?
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What is the primary function of the human excretory system?
What is the primary function of the human excretory system?
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What is the term for the maintenance of stable internal conditions within an organism?
What is the term for the maintenance of stable internal conditions within an organism?
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Study Notes
Reproduction
- Reproduction is the process that secures continuation of life forms on earth.
- In plants, fertilization typically involves the fusion of two gametes within the ovule.
- In animals, fertilization generally occurs within the female reproductive tract.
- Sexual reproduction in both plants and animals requires the fusion of gametes.
- Double fertilization can cause formation of a zygote and endosperm.
Nutrition
- Autotrophic nutrition in plants is more energy-efficient and resource-utilizing compared to heterotrophic nutrition in animals.
- Plants directly convert sunlight into usable energy through photosynthesis.
- Mycorrhizae originates from fungal symbiosis, whereas root nodules result from bacterial symbiosis.
Digestive System
- The digestive tract is commonly arranged in mouth, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, rectum, and anus.
Respiration
- Pulmonary circulation involves the pumping of deoxygenated blood from the heart to the lungs for oxygenation and then returning to the heart as oxygenated blood.
- Lungs receive deoxygenated blood from the heart and return oxygenated blood.
- All gases exchanged between air and blood in mammals occur across the walls of alveoli.
Circulatory System
- Xylem transports water and minerals upward from roots to leaves.
- Phloem transports organic nutrients, such as sugars, bidirectionally between source and sink cells.
- Blood flows in pulmonary circulation happen between the heart and the lungs, while systematic circulation sends oxygenated blood out to the cells.
Nervous System
- The human nervous system is capable of a wide range of functions, and neurons are the basic unit of the nervous system.
- Central nervous systems refer only to the brain and spinal cord.
- Nervous systems do not produce hormones and distribute them to the receptors.
Hormones
- Hormones in plants regulate biochemical and physiological responses.
- Consuming sweets can increase the hormone insulin.
- Excess number of hormones secreted by glands can lead to disorders related to the endocrine system.
Excretory System
- The human excretory system is designed in order (kidney, ureter, urinary bladder, and urethra).
- Nitrogenous waste is removed by the kidney in the human body.
- Build-up of toxins in the bloodstream can occur if there is no disposal of metabolic wastes.
Immunity
- The primary similarity between plant immunity and the innate immune system of animals is that they both recognize and respond to pathogens using innate mechanisms.
- Innate immune response provides immediate protection against a wide range of pathogens.
- Humans infected with a bacterial infection secrete antibodies or immunoglobulins to neutralize and mark the bacteria for destruction.
Homeostasis
- Homeostasis is the maintenance of stable internal conditions within an organism.
- The chemical and nervous control in our body maintains homeostasis in our body.
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Description
Quiz on the process of reproduction in plants and animals, including fertilization, life cycle, and sexual reproduction.
