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Questions and Answers
The ______ cells in the skin of amphibians and reptiles are responsible for changing their body color.
The ______ cells in the skin of amphibians and reptiles are responsible for changing their body color.
Chromatophores
The ______ in plants are responsible for building up complex molecules through photosynthesis.
The ______ in plants are responsible for building up complex molecules through photosynthesis.
photosynthetic
______ are responsible for producing secretions like mucus, saliva, and sweat.
______ are responsible for producing secretions like mucus, saliva, and sweat.
Glandular
The ______ of sea anemones, jellyfish, and Hydra contain a toxic fluid used to paralyze prey.
The ______ of sea anemones, jellyfish, and Hydra contain a toxic fluid used to paralyze prey.
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The ______ cells in flatworms play a crucial role in osmoregulation.
The ______ cells in flatworms play a crucial role in osmoregulation.
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The ______ cells in the root hairs are essential for absorbing water and mineral salts from the soil.
The ______ cells in the root hairs are essential for absorbing water and mineral salts from the soil.
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The ______ of the plant are responsible for controlling the opening and closing of air pores.
The ______ of the plant are responsible for controlling the opening and closing of air pores.
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The ______ cells are elongated and responsible for movements and electrical activities in the body.
The ______ cells are elongated and responsible for movements and electrical activities in the body.
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Collenchyma cells are elongated and are involved in strengthening the ______ particularly the young stem.
Collenchyma cells are elongated and are involved in strengthening the ______ particularly the young stem.
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Sieve tubes are involved in transporting ______ materials from one part of the plant to the other.
Sieve tubes are involved in transporting ______ materials from one part of the plant to the other.
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Lignified vessels such as Tracheids and Fibers play important parts in transporting ______ and mineral salts from the root to the leaves.
Lignified vessels such as Tracheids and Fibers play important parts in transporting ______ and mineral salts from the root to the leaves.
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Cells of Amoeba, Euglena, Paramecium and the filamentous green algae Spirogyra are single-celled organisms and differ from photosynthetic cells of higher plants, but they all perform those functions necessary for the maintenance of life ______ processes.
Cells of Amoeba, Euglena, Paramecium and the filamentous green algae Spirogyra are single-celled organisms and differ from photosynthetic cells of higher plants, but they all perform those functions necessary for the maintenance of life ______ processes.
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Prokaryotic cells are cells which lack a ______.
Prokaryotic cells are cells which lack a ______.
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Prokaryotic cells are the simpler types of cells which lack organelles but have a single ______ consisting of a single strand of DNA in the form of a ring.
Prokaryotic cells are the simpler types of cells which lack organelles but have a single ______ consisting of a single strand of DNA in the form of a ring.
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In bacteria, which is a typical prokaryotic cell, there is a smaller ring of DNA called a ______ which serves as an accessory chromosome.
In bacteria, which is a typical prokaryotic cell, there is a smaller ring of DNA called a ______ which serves as an accessory chromosome.
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Eukaryotic cells are defined as cells containing an organized ______ which are enveloped by membrane-bound organelles such as mitochondria, chloroplast, endoplasmic reticulum golgi body apparatus, lysosomes etc.
Eukaryotic cells are defined as cells containing an organized ______ which are enveloped by membrane-bound organelles such as mitochondria, chloroplast, endoplasmic reticulum golgi body apparatus, lysosomes etc.
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The genetic materials of living organisms are organized in ______.
The genetic materials of living organisms are organized in ______.
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The process of cell division responsible for reproduction and genetic diversity is called ______.
The process of cell division responsible for reproduction and genetic diversity is called ______.
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______ provide structural support to cells.
______ provide structural support to cells.
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In animal cells, the ______ serves as the outer boundary.
In animal cells, the ______ serves as the outer boundary.
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Rod-shaped bacteria are classified as ______.
Rod-shaped bacteria are classified as ______.
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The shape of ______ cells depends on their function.
The shape of ______ cells depends on their function.
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The ability of organisms to change position is known as ______.
The ability of organisms to change position is known as ______.
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The process by which organisms obtain energy and raw materials from nutrients is called ______.
The process by which organisms obtain energy and raw materials from nutrients is called ______.
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Eukaryotes have a true well-developed ______, whereas prokaryotes have undeveloped nuclei.
Eukaryotes have a true well-developed ______, whereas prokaryotes have undeveloped nuclei.
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In higher plants, each cell contains one ______.
In higher plants, each cell contains one ______.
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The red blood cell and mature sieve tubes of plant phloem tissue lack ______ at maturity.
The red blood cell and mature sieve tubes of plant phloem tissue lack ______ at maturity.
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The chromosome within the nucleus carries the ______ material.
The chromosome within the nucleus carries the ______ material.
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Plant cells store carbohydrates as ______ granules.
Plant cells store carbohydrates as ______ granules.
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Animal cells store carbohydrates as ______.
Animal cells store carbohydrates as ______.
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Both plant and animal cells possess a ______ membrane.
Both plant and animal cells possess a ______ membrane.
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Hydra cells differ considerably from human cells despite performing the same ______.
Hydra cells differ considerably from human cells despite performing the same ______.
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The Golgi apparatus was discovered by an Italian physician named ______ in 1849.
The Golgi apparatus was discovered by an Italian physician named ______ in 1849.
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Lysosomes are commonly referred to as '______ bags' due to their function in breaking down waste.
Lysosomes are commonly referred to as '______ bags' due to their function in breaking down waste.
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Centrosomes are found near the ______ in animal cells and lower plants.
Centrosomes are found near the ______ in animal cells and lower plants.
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Vacuoles are especially large and central in ______ cells.
Vacuoles are especially large and central in ______ cells.
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Plastids contain a protein matrix called ______.
Plastids contain a protein matrix called ______.
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Chloroplasts are green plastids that contain ______, which is essential for photosynthesis.
Chloroplasts are green plastids that contain ______, which is essential for photosynthesis.
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Cell inclusions can include substances such as ______, fats, oils, and vitamins.
Cell inclusions can include substances such as ______, fats, oils, and vitamins.
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The shape of the nucleus is usually ______ or elongated.
The shape of the nucleus is usually ______ or elongated.
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The basic unit of classification is the ______.
The basic unit of classification is the ______.
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Humans belong to the ______ class.
Humans belong to the ______ class.
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The ______ of classification is based on evolutionary relationships.
The ______ of classification is based on evolutionary relationships.
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Both ______ and monkeys cannot interbreed as they belong to different species.
Both ______ and monkeys cannot interbreed as they belong to different species.
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Lions belong to the ______ family.
Lions belong to the ______ family.
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Artificial classification is based on ______ characteristics.
Artificial classification is based on ______ characteristics.
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Eukarya is one of the domains that includes organisms with ______ cells.
Eukarya is one of the domains that includes organisms with ______ cells.
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The ______ is a taxonomic rank below phylum and above order.
The ______ is a taxonomic rank below phylum and above order.
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Flashcards
Eukaryotes
Eukaryotes
Organisms with true, well-developed nuclei.
Prokaryotes
Prokaryotes
Organisms with undeveloped nuclei, such as bacteria.
Nucleus functions
Nucleus functions
Controls cell life, participates in reproduction, initiates growth.
Difference in cells: Plant vs Animal
Difference in cells: Plant vs Animal
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Plastids
Plastids
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Cell specialization
Cell specialization
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Vacuoles
Vacuoles
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Similarities in cells
Similarities in cells
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Golgi Body Apparatus
Golgi Body Apparatus
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Lysosomes
Lysosomes
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Centrosomes
Centrosomes
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Chloroplasts
Chloroplasts
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Cell Inclusions
Cell Inclusions
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Nucleus
Nucleus
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Epithelial Cells
Epithelial Cells
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Glandular Cells
Glandular Cells
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Erythrocytes
Erythrocytes
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Leucocytes
Leucocytes
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Neurons
Neurons
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Muscle Fibers
Muscle Fibers
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Spermatozoon
Spermatozoon
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Parenchyma Cells
Parenchyma Cells
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Collenchyma cells
Collenchyma cells
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Sieve tubes
Sieve tubes
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Lignified vessels
Lignified vessels
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Prokaryotic cells
Prokaryotic cells
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Eukaryotic cells
Eukaryotic cells
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Nucleoid
Nucleoid
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Cell Walls
Cell Walls
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Chromosomes
Chromosomes
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Mitosis
Mitosis
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Meiosis
Meiosis
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Prokaryotic cell shapes
Prokaryotic cell shapes
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Eukaryotic cell shapes
Eukaryotic cell shapes
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Characteristics of living things
Characteristics of living things
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Movement in living organisms
Movement in living organisms
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Nutrition in living things
Nutrition in living things
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Phylum
Phylum
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Classification hierarchy
Classification hierarchy
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Species
Species
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Domain
Domain
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Linnaean System
Linnaean System
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Natural Classification
Natural Classification
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Artificial Classification
Artificial Classification
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Kingdom
Kingdom
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Study Notes
Cell Structure and Organization
- A cell is the fundamental unit of structure and function in living things
- Robert Hooke first observed cells in 1665, examining cork bark
- Mathias Schleiden (Botanist) and Theodore Schwann (Zoologist) formulated the cell theory in 1839
- Cell theory principles:
- The cell is the basic unit of structure in all living things
- The cell is the basic unit of function in all living things
- All cells come from pre-existing cells
- The activity of an organism is the sum of the activities and interactions of all its cells
- Cells vary greatly in size and complexity, from simple bacterial cells to the complex cells of organisms like chickens and ostriches
- Plant cells typically have a cell wall, a cell membrane, cytoplasm, organelles, a nucleus, and vacuoles
- Animal cells lack cell walls and typically have smaller vacuoles
Functions of Cellular Organelles
- Cell organization at a fine level is revealed through electron microscopy
- The specific structures in cells are called organelles
- These organelles have specific functions including:
- Cell wall: Provides strength, rigidity, and shape to plant cells
- Cell membrane: Regulates the passage of substances in and out of the cell
- Cytoplasm: The non-living component where most physiological processes occur; made of protein, fat, inorganic salts, and carbohydrate
- Mitochondria: The "powerhouses" of the cell, involved in respiration and energy production
- Ribosomes: Sites of protein synthesis
- Endoplasmic reticulum (ER): Increases the surface area of the cytoplasm for metabolic activities, modifies proteins, and transports materials
- Golgi body apparatus: Involved in secretion, processing, and packaging of proteins and other substances
- Lysosomes: Contain enzymes for the destruction of foreign and dead materials
- Vacuoles: Involved in storage of water, salts, food, and other materials
- Plastids: Organelles found in plant cells which have several roles (chloroplasts for photosynthesis)
- Centrosomes: Involved in cell division
Cells in Different Organisms
- Cells in various organisms may exhibit different shapes and sizes, depending on their role and the organism to which they belong.
- Bacteria come in various shapes: rod-shaped (bacilli), spherical (cocci), spiral (spirilla), and comma-shaped (vibrios)
Diversity of Cells
- Cells in different organisms vary greatly in their structure and function; this is also reflected in the types of organisms the cells come from. Different cells perform different functions within an organism
- Example; hydra cells, human cells, plant cells, blood cells
Types of Cells
- Cells are broadly classified into two main categories:
- Prokaryotic: Lack a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles, include bacteria and archaea
- Eukaryotic: Have a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles, including plants, animals, fungi, and protists
Important Notes
- The shape of a cell is often correlated to its function and is dependent on the organism
- Cell membranes in animals act as the boundary of the cell
- Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic cells have different shapes (rod, coccus etc)
Characteristics and Classification of Living Things
- Living things exhibit specific qualities:
- Being composed of cells
- Exhibiting movement
- Exhibiting reproduction
- Obtaining and utilizing energy
- Exhibiting growth and development
- Exhibiting irritability
- Having a limited lifespan (capable of death)
- Taxonomy is the process of grouping and classifying organisms, primarily based on their shared characteristics
- Different classification systems exist:
- Artificial: Based on visible traits
- Natural: Based on evolutionary relationships
- Phylogenetic: Based on evolutionary history
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Description
Test your knowledge of different types of cells in both animals and plants! This quiz covers cell functions, structures, and their roles in various organisms. Get ready to explore the fascinating world of biology and understand how these cells contribute to life processes.
