Biology Quiz on Cell Structure, Endocrine System, and Mutagens

The process of gas exchange in the alveoli involves the diffusion of oxygen from the air into the bloodstream and the diffusion of carbon dioxide from the bloodstream into the air in the alveoli. This occurs due to the concentration gradient of these gases across the alveolar membrane. Oxygen binds to hemoglobin in red blood cells and is transported to tissues, while carbon dioxide is released from the tissues, transported in the blood, and then expelled from the body during exhalation.

The human gastrointestinal system functions to digest food, absorb nutrients, and eliminate waste. It involves processes such as ingestion, digestion (mechanical and chemical breakdown of food), absorption of nutrients into the bloodstream, and elimination of indigestible material as feces. The stomach, small intestine, and large intestine play key roles in these processes, along with associated organs such as the liver, pancreas, and gallbladder, which contribute digestive enzymes and substances to aid in digestion.

The Punnett square for this cross would show the possibilities of the offspring's blood group. The father with blood group AB has the genotype IAIB, and the mother with blood group O has the genotype ii. The Punnett square would result in all offspring having the genotype IAi, with a phenotype of blood group A.

Two types of non-Mendelian inheritance include codominance and incomplete dominance. Codominance occurs when both alleles for a trait are expressed equally in the heterozygous condition, while incomplete dominance results in a blending of the traits from the two alleles, creating an intermediate phenotype in the heterozygous condition.

An antigen is a molecule or substance that is recognized as foreign by the immune system, eliciting an immune response. An antibody, also known as an immunoglobulin, is a protein produced by the immune system in response to the presence of an antigen. Antibodies specifically bind to antigens, marking them for destruction or neutralization by the immune system.