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Questions and Answers
What is the primary consequence of atherosclerosis in the coronary arteries?
What is the primary consequence of atherosclerosis in the coronary arteries?
- Narrowing of the artery lumen (correct)
- Improved cardiac efficiency
- Enhanced oxygen delivery to tissues
- Increased blood flow to the heart muscles
If a fatty deposit in a coronary artery ruptures, what potential risk does this pose?
If a fatty deposit in a coronary artery ruptures, what potential risk does this pose?
- It may cause an increase in blood pressure.
- It could lead to the formation of a blood clot. (correct)
- It results in improved oxygenation of heart muscles.
- It enhances the metabolism of heart cells.
Which feature correctly describes the function of red blood cells (RBC)?
Which feature correctly describes the function of red blood cells (RBC)?
- RBC has substantial cytoplasm.
- RBC transports oxygen. (correct)
- RBC contains a nucleus.
- RBC has a large number of mitochondria.
What is one major effect of tobacco smoke on the respiratory system?
What is one major effect of tobacco smoke on the respiratory system?
What characterizes aerobic respiration?
What characterizes aerobic respiration?
What is one reason red blood cells lack a nucleus?
What is one reason red blood cells lack a nucleus?
Which organelle is responsible for protein synthesis?
Which organelle is responsible for protein synthesis?
What role do alveoli play in the respiratory system?
What role do alveoli play in the respiratory system?
Which of the following is not a feature of red blood cells?
Which of the following is not a feature of red blood cells?
What advantage does the shape of red blood cells provide?
What advantage does the shape of red blood cells provide?
In root hair cells, what is the significance of having a large surface area to volume ratio?
In root hair cells, what is the significance of having a large surface area to volume ratio?
Which statement is true about root hair cells (RHC)?
Which statement is true about root hair cells (RHC)?
What is the role of mitochondria in a cell?
What is the role of mitochondria in a cell?
What structural feature of capillaries minimizes diffusion distance?
What structural feature of capillaries minimizes diffusion distance?
Why do veins have semi-lunar valves?
Why do veins have semi-lunar valves?
How do capillaries increase their efficiency in substance exchange?
How do capillaries increase their efficiency in substance exchange?
What characteristic of red blood cells allows for more oxygen transport?
What characteristic of red blood cells allows for more oxygen transport?
What mechanism helps blood return to the heart from veins?
What mechanism helps blood return to the heart from veins?
Which substance is prevented from passing through capillary walls?
Which substance is prevented from passing through capillary walls?
What role do white blood cells serve in the body?
What role do white blood cells serve in the body?
What is the total cross-sectional surface area of capillaries important for?
What is the total cross-sectional surface area of capillaries important for?
What is the primary purpose of peristalsis in the alimentary canal?
What is the primary purpose of peristalsis in the alimentary canal?
During peristalsis, what happens to the circular muscles before the food mass?
During peristalsis, what happens to the circular muscles before the food mass?
Which of the following accurately describes how substances are absorbed through the villi?
Which of the following accurately describes how substances are absorbed through the villi?
What is the structural adaptation of villi that enhances absorption?
What is the structural adaptation of villi that enhances absorption?
How do microvilli contribute to the function of villi?
How do microvilli contribute to the function of villi?
Which statement is correct about the role of the lacteal in the absorption process?
Which statement is correct about the role of the lacteal in the absorption process?
What helps maintain a steep concentration gradient between the lumen and villi?
What helps maintain a steep concentration gradient between the lumen and villi?
Which of the following statements about the antagonistic action of muscles during peristalsis is true?
Which of the following statements about the antagonistic action of muscles during peristalsis is true?
What is the primary role of cilia in the respiratory system?
What is the primary role of cilia in the respiratory system?
Which statement accurately describes the diaphragm's action during expiration?
Which statement accurately describes the diaphragm's action during expiration?
What change occurs in the ribcage during inspiration?
What change occurs in the ribcage during inspiration?
What effect does inspiration have on air pressure within the lungs?
What effect does inspiration have on air pressure within the lungs?
What is the function of C-shaped cartilage rings in the respiratory system?
What is the function of C-shaped cartilage rings in the respiratory system?
Which muscles contract during expiration?
Which muscles contract during expiration?
What happens to thoracic volume during expiration?
What happens to thoracic volume during expiration?
Which of the following describes the relationship between the internal and external intercostal muscles?
Which of the following describes the relationship between the internal and external intercostal muscles?
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Study Notes
Red Blood Cells vs Hair cells
- Red blood cells (RBCs) take in oxygen
- Hair cells (RHCs) also need oxygen
- Both RBCs and RHCs have cytoplasm
- RBCs have a biconcave shape
- RHCs have an elongated protrusion
- This increases the surface area to volume ratio for both cell types
- RBCs don't have a nucleus to accommodate more hemoglobin
- RHCs have a nucleus
Organelles
- Ribosomes produce proteins
- Mitochondria provide energy for this process
Peristalsis
- Rhythmic, wave-like muscular contractions in the wall of the alimentary canal that moves food forward
- Circular muscles constrict, longitudinal muscles relax, narrowing the lumen and pushing food forward
- Circular muscles relax, longitudinal muscles constrict, widening the lumen, allowing food to pass through
- Occurs throughout the alimentary canal
Villi
- Finger-like projections in the small intestine
- Absorption of glucose, amino acids, glycerol and fatty acids
- Villi increase surface area to volume ratio
- One-cell-thick layer of epithelial cells with microvilli
- Maintain steep concentration gradient to maximize diffusion rate
- After equilibrium, active transport is used for further absorption
Capillaries
- One-cell-thick layer of endothelial cells
- Minimizes diffusion distance, increasing diffusion rate
- Branch repeatedly increasing surface area to volume ratio
- Partially permeable, allowing small substances in and out whilst containing blood proteins
- Large total cross-sectional surface area, lowering blood pressure, slowing blood down
Movement Between Capillaries and Cells
- Capillaries bring nutrients and oxygen that diffuse into tissue fluid
- These diffuse into cells
- Waste products and carbon dioxide diffuse out of cells, into tissue fluid, then into capillaries
Blood Flow in Veins
- Blood has near zero pressure in veins
- Contraction of skeletal muscles pushes blood forward
- Semi-lunar valves prevent backflow
Red Blood Cells Adaptation
- Biconcave shape increases surface area to volume ratio
- Lack of nucleus increases space for hemoglobin
- Flexibility to squeeze through capillaries
White Blood Cells
- Protect the body from disease
Atherosclerosis
- Fatty deposits build up on the inner wall of a coronary artery, narrowing the lumen
- Blood clot formation can occur, blocking the artery
- Heart muscles die from lack of energy
Respiration
- The respiratory system is responsible for gas exchange
- Cilia on the inner walls of airways trap particles and sweep mucus upward
- C-shaped rings of cartilage support the trachea
- During breathing, the diaphragm contracts and flattens, while the intercostal muscles contract, increasing thoracic volume
- Air pressure in the lungs lowers, causing air to rush in
- During exhalation, the diaphragm relaxes and the intercostal muscles relax, decreasing thoracic volume
- Air pressure in the lungs increases, causing air to rush out
Harmful Effects of Tobacco Smoke
- Nicotine is addictive
- Carbon monoxide irreversibly binds to hemoglobin
- Tar is carcinogenic
- Emphysema is caused by damage to the partition walls in alveoli, reducing surface area
Aerobic vs Anaerobic Respiration
- Aerobic respiration oxidizes food to release energy and requires oxygen
- Anaerobic respiration occurs without oxygen, producing lactic acid and less energy
- Anaerobic respiration leads to oxygen debt
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