Biology Quiz: Cells and Digestion Concepts

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Questions and Answers

What is the primary consequence of atherosclerosis in the coronary arteries?

Narrowing of the artery lumen (correct)

Improved cardiac efficiency

Enhanced oxygen delivery to tissues

Increased blood flow to the heart muscles

If a fatty deposit in a coronary artery ruptures, what potential risk does this pose?

It may cause an increase in blood pressure.

It could lead to the formation of a blood clot. (correct)

It results in improved oxygenation of heart muscles.

It enhances the metabolism of heart cells.

Which feature correctly describes the function of red blood cells (RBC)?

RBC has substantial cytoplasm.

RBC transports oxygen. (correct)

RBC contains a nucleus.

RBC has a large number of mitochondria.

What is one major effect of tobacco smoke on the respiratory system?

It can lead to chronic bronchitis and cancer. Signup and view all the answers

What characterizes aerobic respiration?

It involves the oxidation of glucose to release energy. Signup and view all the answers

What is one reason red blood cells lack a nucleus?

To increase hemoglobin capacity. Signup and view all the answers

Which organelle is responsible for protein synthesis?

Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum. Signup and view all the answers

What role do alveoli play in the respiratory system?

They facilitate gas exchange between air and blood. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is not a feature of red blood cells?

Presence of a nucleus. Signup and view all the answers

What advantage does the shape of red blood cells provide?

Increased oxygen transport. Signup and view all the answers

In root hair cells, what is the significance of having a large surface area to volume ratio?

Enhances nutrient uptake. Signup and view all the answers

Which statement is true about root hair cells (RHC)?

RHC takes in oxygen for respiration. Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of mitochondria in a cell?

To provide energy through respiration. Signup and view all the answers

What structural feature of capillaries minimizes diffusion distance?

A one-cell-thick layer of endothelial cells Signup and view all the answers

Why do veins have semi-lunar valves?

To prevent backflow of blood Signup and view all the answers

How do capillaries increase their efficiency in substance exchange?

By branching repeatedly Signup and view all the answers

What characteristic of red blood cells allows for more oxygen transport?

Biconcave shape Signup and view all the answers

What mechanism helps blood return to the heart from veins?

Contraction of skeletal muscles Signup and view all the answers

Which substance is prevented from passing through capillary walls?

Blood proteins Signup and view all the answers

What role do white blood cells serve in the body?

Protecting against disease Signup and view all the answers

What is the total cross-sectional surface area of capillaries important for?

Slowing blood flow for diffusion Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of peristalsis in the alimentary canal?

To propel food forward and mix it with digestive juices Signup and view all the answers

During peristalsis, what happens to the circular muscles before the food mass?

They contract and narrow the lumen Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following accurately describes how substances are absorbed through the villi?

Glucose moves into blood capillaries via diffusion and active transport Signup and view all the answers

What is the structural adaptation of villi that enhances absorption?

Villi have a one-cell-thick layer of epithelial cells Signup and view all the answers

How do microvilli contribute to the function of villi?

They increase the surface area for absorption Signup and view all the answers

Which statement is correct about the role of the lacteal in the absorption process?

Lacteals transport fatty acids that reform into triglycerides Signup and view all the answers

What helps maintain a steep concentration gradient between the lumen and villi?

Constant absorption of nutrients into the bloodstream Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements about the antagonistic action of muscles during peristalsis is true?

Circular muscles contract while longitudinal muscles relax Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary role of cilia in the respiratory system?

To trap and sweep away dust and foreign particles Signup and view all the answers

Which statement accurately describes the diaphragm's action during expiration?

It relaxes and moves upwards Signup and view all the answers

What change occurs in the ribcage during inspiration?

The ribcage moves up and out Signup and view all the answers

What effect does inspiration have on air pressure within the lungs?

Air pressure decreases, causing air to rush in Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of C-shaped cartilage rings in the respiratory system?

To prevent the trachea from collapsing Signup and view all the answers

Which muscles contract during expiration?

Internal intercostals and abdominal muscles Signup and view all the answers

What happens to thoracic volume during expiration?

Thoracic volume decreases Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following describes the relationship between the internal and external intercostal muscles?

They are antagonistic in their actions. Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Red Blood Cells vs Hair cells

Red blood cells (RBCs) take in oxygen
Hair cells (RHCs) also need oxygen
Both RBCs and RHCs have cytoplasm
RBCs have a biconcave shape
RHCs have an elongated protrusion
This increases the surface area to volume ratio for both cell types
RBCs don't have a nucleus to accommodate more hemoglobin
RHCs have a nucleus

Organelles

Ribosomes produce proteins
Mitochondria provide energy for this process

Peristalsis

Rhythmic, wave-like muscular contractions in the wall of the alimentary canal that moves food forward
Circular muscles constrict, longitudinal muscles relax, narrowing the lumen and pushing food forward
Circular muscles relax, longitudinal muscles constrict, widening the lumen, allowing food to pass through
Occurs throughout the alimentary canal

Villi

Finger-like projections in the small intestine
Absorption of glucose, amino acids, glycerol and fatty acids
Villi increase surface area to volume ratio
One-cell-thick layer of epithelial cells with microvilli
Maintain steep concentration gradient to maximize diffusion rate
After equilibrium, active transport is used for further absorption

Capillaries

One-cell-thick layer of endothelial cells
Minimizes diffusion distance, increasing diffusion rate
Branch repeatedly increasing surface area to volume ratio
Partially permeable, allowing small substances in and out whilst containing blood proteins
Large total cross-sectional surface area, lowering blood pressure, slowing blood down

Movement Between Capillaries and Cells

Capillaries bring nutrients and oxygen that diffuse into tissue fluid
These diffuse into cells
Waste products and carbon dioxide diffuse out of cells, into tissue fluid, then into capillaries

Blood Flow in Veins

Blood has near zero pressure in veins
Contraction of skeletal muscles pushes blood forward
Semi-lunar valves prevent backflow

Red Blood Cells Adaptation

Biconcave shape increases surface area to volume ratio
Lack of nucleus increases space for hemoglobin
Flexibility to squeeze through capillaries

White Blood Cells

Protect the body from disease

Atherosclerosis

Fatty deposits build up on the inner wall of a coronary artery, narrowing the lumen
Blood clot formation can occur, blocking the artery
Heart muscles die from lack of energy

Respiration

The respiratory system is responsible for gas exchange
Cilia on the inner walls of airways trap particles and sweep mucus upward
C-shaped rings of cartilage support the trachea
During breathing, the diaphragm contracts and flattens, while the intercostal muscles contract, increasing thoracic volume
Air pressure in the lungs lowers, causing air to rush in
During exhalation, the diaphragm relaxes and the intercostal muscles relax, decreasing thoracic volume
Air pressure in the lungs increases, causing air to rush out

Harmful Effects of Tobacco Smoke

Nicotine is addictive
Carbon monoxide irreversibly binds to hemoglobin
Tar is carcinogenic
Emphysema is caused by damage to the partition walls in alveoli, reducing surface area

Aerobic vs Anaerobic Respiration

Aerobic respiration oxidizes food to release energy and requires oxygen
Anaerobic respiration occurs without oxygen, producing lactic acid and less energy
Anaerobic respiration leads to oxygen debt

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Description

Test your knowledge on the key concepts of red blood cells, hair cells, and the processes of digestion including peristalsis and the role of villi. This quiz covers important functions, structures, and physiological mechanisms that are vital in human biology.