Biology Quiz: Cell Types and Tissue Functions

Cork is commonly used as a bottle cover or stopper.
The first compound microscope was invented by Zacharias Janssen.
Robert Hooke coined the term "cell" after observing cork slices with microscopy magnifications of 20x-50x.
Antonie van Leeuwenhoek, known as the Father of Microbiology, first described single-celled organisms, including animalcules, red blood cells, sperm cells, protists, and bacteria.

The cell theory states:
- All living things consist of one or more cells.
- All living cells originate from pre-existing cells.
- Cells are the fundamental units of life.
Matthias Schleiden stated that all plants are composed of cells.
Theodore Schwann asserted that all animals are composed of cells.
Rudolf Ludwig Karl Virchow theorized that all living cells arise from other living cells.

The cell wall provides strength and structure to cells.
The cell membrane acts as a gatekeeper, regulating the entry and exit of substances.
Cytoplasm maintains the stability of the cell and houses organelles.
Mitochondria are known as the powerhouse of the cell, generating energy.
Lysosomes facilitate cellular digestion and waste removal.
Vacuoles store food, water, waste, and other materials.
The nucleus controls cellular activities and houses the nucleolus, which produces ribosomes.
Ribosomes are sites for protein synthesis.
Chloroplasts are involved in photosynthesis, capturing sunlight to produce food in plant cells.
The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) transports proteins and lipids to the Golgi body, with rough ER having ribosomes and smooth ER lacking them.
The Golgi body modifies, packages, and transports proteins and lipids.

Prokaryotic cells lack a nucleus; "pro-" means before, "karyo" means nucleus.
Eukaryotic cells contain a nucleus; "eu-" means true, "karyo" means nucleus.
Both cell types share features: cell membrane, cytoplasm, DNA, ribosomes, and cell wall.

The hierarchy of biological organization, from simplest to most complex, includes:
- Organelle → Cell → Tissue → Organ → Organ System → Organism → Population → Community → Ecosystem → Biosphere.

Tissues are groups of similar cells with shared structure, function, and origin.
Four types of animal tissue:
- Epithelial Tissue: Covers surfaces and lines organs. Types include:
  - Cuboidal (secretion)
  - Simple Columnar (secretion and absorption)
  - Simple Squamous (diffusion)
  - Stratified Squamous (protection)
  - Pseudo-Stratified Columnar (respiratory lining).

Connective tissues support and hold other tissues together.
Connective Tissue Proper includes loose connective tissues, such as adipose tissues, which store fat and provide insulation and energy storage.
Blood is a fluid connective tissue that transports nutrients, oxygen, and waste. It consists of:
- Plasma (light yellow liquid for transport)
- Erythrocytes (RBCs for oxygen transport)
- Leukocytes (WBCs for defense)
- Thrombocytes (platelets for clotting).
Bones are mineralized connective tissues formed by osteoblasts, creating the body's framework.
Cartilage is a flexible connective tissue that cushions joints.

Muscle tissues consist of long muscle fibers for movement, categorized into:
- Skeletal Muscle (voluntary, between bones)
- Cardiac Muscle (involuntary, in the heart)
- Smooth Muscle (involuntary, in hollow organs).
Nervous tissue coordinates body activities, with dendrites receiving impulses from other neurons.