Podcast
Questions and Answers
What is the process called when a protein changes shape due to changes in temperature or pH?
What is the process called when a protein changes shape due to changes in temperature or pH?
- Replication
- Translation
- Transcription
- Denaturation (correct)
All proteins have the same optimal temperature for function.
All proteins have the same optimal temperature for function.
False (B)
What is the functional part of an enzyme called?
What is the functional part of an enzyme called?
Active site
The monomers of nucleic acids are called ______.
The monomers of nucleic acids are called ______.
Match the following nitrogenous bases with their corresponding categories:
Match the following nitrogenous bases with their corresponding categories:
Which of the following is NOT a type of organic nutrient?
Which of the following is NOT a type of organic nutrient?
Prokaryotic cells have their DNA primarily located in the nucleus.
Prokaryotic cells have their DNA primarily located in the nucleus.
What is the difference between ribose and deoxyribose sugars?
What is the difference between ribose and deoxyribose sugars?
Which of the following nitrogenous bases are considered purines?
Which of the following nitrogenous bases are considered purines?
RNA is typically longer than DNA.
RNA is typically longer than DNA.
What is the name of the sugar found in DNA?
What is the name of the sugar found in DNA?
A nucleotide consists of a nitrogenous base, a ______ sugar, and a phosphate group.
A nucleotide consists of a nitrogenous base, a ______ sugar, and a phosphate group.
Which of the following bases is found in RNA but not in DNA?
Which of the following bases is found in RNA but not in DNA?
Match the nitrogenous base to its complementary base pair in DNA:
Match the nitrogenous base to its complementary base pair in DNA:
The two strands of DNA are held together by hydrogen bonds.
The two strands of DNA are held together by hydrogen bonds.
What is the process of pairing up specific bases in DNA called?
What is the process of pairing up specific bases in DNA called?
What is the approximate length of DNA in each human cell's nucleus?
What is the approximate length of DNA in each human cell's nucleus?
The DNA in non-dividing cells is referred to as chromosomes.
The DNA in non-dividing cells is referred to as chromosomes.
What are the basic units of DNA that code for proteins called?
What are the basic units of DNA that code for proteins called?
DNA in a cell is wrapped around specialized proteins called __________.
DNA in a cell is wrapped around specialized proteins called __________.
Match the following terms with their descriptions:
Match the following terms with their descriptions:
Approximately what percentage of human DNA does not code for proteins?
Approximately what percentage of human DNA does not code for proteins?
The sense strand of DNA is responsible for coding polypeptides.
The sense strand of DNA is responsible for coding polypeptides.
During cell division, why is the DNA described as making short fat structures?
During cell division, why is the DNA described as making short fat structures?
Flashcards
Denaturation
Denaturation
The process where proteins lose their shape due to heat or pH changes, disrupting hydrogen bonds.
Optimal temperature
Optimal temperature
The specific temperature at which proteins function best.
Tertiary structure
Tertiary structure
The overall 3D shape of a protein formed by the folding of the polypeptide chain.
Active site
Active site
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Nucleotides
Nucleotides
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Pentose sugar
Pentose sugar
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Nitrogenous bases
Nitrogenous bases
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Ribose vs Deoxyribose
Ribose vs Deoxyribose
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Pyrimidine Bases
Pyrimidine Bases
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Purine Bases
Purine Bases
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RNA
RNA
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DNA
DNA
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Complementary Base Pairing
Complementary Base Pairing
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Hydrogen Bonds in DNA
Hydrogen Bonds in DNA
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Double Helix
Double Helix
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Chromatin Network
Chromatin Network
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Chromosome
Chromosome
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Chromatid
Chromatid
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Centromere
Centromere
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Gene
Gene
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Antisense Strand
Antisense Strand
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Sense Strand
Sense Strand
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Study Notes
Protein Structure and Function
- Proteins have an optimal temperature for function.
- High temperatures cause hydrogen bonds to break, changing the protein's shape (denaturation).
- Changes in pH also cause denaturation.
- Enzymes are proteins that control chemical reactions.
- The active site of an enzyme is the part where the substrate fits and temporary bonds form.
- Enzymes bring substrates together, allowing them to bond more easily and decreasing the activation energy.
- Enzymes can also break down substrates into products.
Nucleic Acids
- Nucleic acids are important organic nutrients, alongside proteins, carbohydrates, and lipids.
- They occur in the nucleus, chloroplasts, and mitochondria of cells.
- Prokaryotic cells have DNA in the cytoplasm, sometimes in structures called plasmids.
- Eukaryotic cells have most nucleic acid in the nucleus, surrounded by a double membrane.
- Nucleic acids consist of monomers called nucleotides.
- Nucleotides are composed of a nitrogenous base, a pentose sugar, and a phosphate group.
Types of Nitrogenous Bases and Sugars
- Pentose sugar is a 5-carbon sugar (e.g., ribose and deoxyribose).
- Two types of nitrogenous are purines (double-ringed structure) and pyrimidines (single-ringed structure).
- Purines are adenine (A) and guanine (G).
- Pyrimidines are cytosine (C), thymine (T), and uracil (U).
Nucleotide Structure
- A nitrogenous base is joined to a pentose sugar.
- A phosphate group connects the sugar with the next nucleotide.
RNA (Ribonucleic Acid)
- RNA is found in the cytoplasm, nucleus, chloroplasts, and mitochondria.
- RNA is single-stranded.
- RNA sugar is ribose.
- Nitrogenous bases in RNA can be A, C, U, or G.
DNA (Deoxyribonucleic Acid)
- DNA is located in the nucleus, mitochondria, and chloroplasts.
- DNA is usually double-stranded.
- DNA sugar is deoxyribose.
- Nitorgenous bases in DNA can be A, C, G, or T.
- Two DNA strands are held together by hydrogen bonds between complementary base pairs (A-T, C-G).
- DNA nucleotides are complementary base pairs forming the double helix structure, winding around each other. The helix structure allows the DNA to efficiently store genetic information
DNA Structure and Function
- Human cells contain ~2m of DNA in each nucleus.
- The DNA is wrapped around proteins (histones).
- This wrapping makes the DNA compact, allowing it to fit inside the nucleus.
Chromosomes
- Chromosomes are discrete sections of DNA.
- DNA is generally referred to as chromatin in non-dividing cells.
- During cell division, DNA replicates, forming two chromatids held together by a centromere.
- Sections of DNA that code for proteins are called genes.
- Sections of DNA not coding for proteins was sometimes called 'junk' DNA, but this is no longer the accepted term.
- There are sense and antisense/template strand. Only one serves as the template to synthesise a polypeptide or protein.
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Description
Test your knowledge on the structure and function of proteins and nucleic acids. This quiz covers key concepts about enzyme activity, denaturation, and the role of nucleotides in cell biology. Perfect for biology students looking to reinforce their understanding of these essential biological molecules.
