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Questions and Answers
What is the primary role of anabolism in cellular processes?
Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of prokaryotic cells?
What component surrounds the cytoplasm and regulates the exchange of substances in a cell?
What is the function of pili in prokaryotic cells?
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Which statement correctly describes a diffference between eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells?
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During cellular reproduction, what is the result of cell division in a multicellular organism?
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What is the primary function of the cell membrane in eukaryotic cells?
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What is the role of the bacterial capsule?
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Which of the following components is NOT found in the cytoplasm?
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What structure surrounds the nucleus of a eukaryotic cell?
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Which of the following best defines a nucleoid in prokaryotic cells?
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What process occurs in the mitochondria of eukaryotic cells?
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Which type of organelle is described as non-membranous and involved in protein synthesis?
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What is the main structural function of the cytoskeleton?
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Which type of Endoplasmic Reticulum has ribosomes attached to it?
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What component of the cell membrane contributes to its fluid mosaic structure?
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What is the primary function of the Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum?
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Which type of tissue primarily makes up the outer layer of human skin?
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What do lysosomes contain that is vital for cellular processes?
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What are the cylindrical structures composed of protein fibers found in the centrosome called?
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Which type of epithelial tissue regulates the exchange of substances and protects surfaces?
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What is the role of the Golgi Apparatus in cellular function?
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What is a characteristic of glandular epithelial tissue?
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What type of vesicles are produced by the Golgi Apparatus?
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What type of gland secretes hormones directly into the bloodstream?
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Which type of connective tissue is responsible for the formation of blood cells?
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What is the main characteristic of skeletal muscle tissue?
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Which cells are responsible for the formation of bone?
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What type of muscle tissue is found in the walls of internal organs?
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Which connective tissue acts to protect organs by storing fat?
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What is the primary function of neurons?
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Which of the following is NOT a component of connective tissue?
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What is the primary function of neurons in the nervous system?
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What are glial cells primarily responsible for?
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Which option correctly defines an organ?
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Which of the following is NOT considered an organ system?
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Which organ system is primarily associated with the process of interaction?
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Study Notes
Cell Interaction
- Cells obtain information from their environment and communicate with each other.
Cellular Reproduction
- Parent cell divides into two or more new cells.
- Unicellular organisms reproduce a whole organism through cell division.
- Multicellular organisms rely on cell division for growth and repair.
Prokaryotic Cells
- Simple structure, generally smaller than eukaryotic cells.
- Lack a nucleus, genetic material dispersed in the cytoplasm.
- Ribosomes are the only organelles.
- Cell membrane covered by a cell wall.
- Bacteria are prokaryotes.
Prokaryotic Structures
- Plasma Membrane: Surrounds cytoplasm, regulates substance exchange.
- Cell Wall: Thick and rigid layer, protects bacteria and provides shape.
- Bacterial Capsule: Thick outer covering in some bacteria, promotes adhesion and protects the cell.
- Cytoplasm: Liquid substance filling internal space.
- Nucleoid: Bacterial chromosome, circular DNA molecule containing genetic information.
- Ribosomes: Organelles responsible for protein synthesis.
- Inclusions: Aggregates of stable substances, often proteins.
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Appendices: Structures like flagella and cilia involved in movement.
- Flagella: Longer, few per cell.
- Cilia: Shorter, more numerous.
- Fimbriae: Short and numerous, help bacteria adhere to surfaces.
- Pili: Responsible for DNA exchange between bacterial cells.
Eukaryotic Cells
- More complex and larger than prokaryotic cells.
- Range in size from 10-100 µm to several centimeters.
- Found in animals and plants.
- All have three primary structures: cell membrane, cytoplasm, and nucleus.
Eukaryotic Structures
- Cell Membrane: Surrounds the cell, enables substance exchange. Composed of phospholipids, cholesterol, and proteins in a "fluid mosaic" structure.
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Cytoplasm: Substance filling the space between the membrane and nucleus. Contains:
- Hyaloplasm: Fluid component of the cytoplasm.
- Organelles: Cellular structures carrying out different functions.
- Cytoskeleton: Protein fibers involved in movement, internal organization, and cell division.
- Nucleus: Spherical structure, contains chromatin (genetic material) controlling cellular function. Surrounded by a double membrane called the nuclear envelope with nuclear pores regulating exchange between the nucleus and the cell.
Cytoskeleton
- Network of different protein filaments maintaining cell shape and facilitating the movement of cells, organelles, and internal vesicles.
Mitochondria
- Oval-shaped organelle with two membranes.
- Outer membrane is smooth, inner membrane folds forming cristae.
- Produces energy through cellular respiration.
Ribosomes
- Non-membranous organelles composed of RNA and proteins.
- Located free in the cytoplasm or attached to the rough endoplasmic reticulum.
- Responsible for protein synthesis.
Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER)
- Network of interconnected membranous sacs and channels.
- Two types:
- Rough ER: Connected to nuclear envelope, has attached ribosomes. Involved in protein processing and transport to the Golgi apparatus.
- Smooth ER: Lacks ribosomes, responsible for lipid synthesis.
Golgi Apparatus
- Flat, membranous sacs arranged in layers.
- Stores, processes, and packages proteins from the rough ER.
- Produces secretory vesicles to transport proteins outside the cell.
Vesicles
- Small, rounded organelles storing and transporting substances.
Lysosomes
- Rounded vesicles produced by the Golgi apparatus.
- Contain enzymes involved in cellular digestion.
Centrosome
- Consists of two centrioles (cylindrical structures composed of protein fibers).
- Controls chromosome movement during cell division.
Human Tissues
- Group of specialized cells working together to perform a specific function.
- Four types: epithelial, connective, muscle, nervous.
Epithelial Tissue
- Generally polyhedral-shaped cells.
- Closely packed together and arranged in layers.
- Two main groups: covering epithelia and glandular epithelia.
Covering Epithelia
- Covers internal and external body surfaces.
- Protects surfaces and regulates substance exchange.
- Types vary depending on location:
- Epidermis: Many cell layers, forms the outer layer of human skin.
- Mucous membrane: Protects internal cavities like the digestive and respiratory tracts.
- Endothelia: Single layer of cells, lines internal surfaces of the body like blood vessels and the heart.
Glandular Epithelia
- Makes up glands.
- Produces and secretes substances.
- Three types of glands:
- Exocrine glands: Secrete substances into a body cavity or outside the body.
- Endocrine glands: Secrete hormones directly into the bloodstream.
- Mixed glands: Have both exocrine and endocrine functions.
Connective Tissue
- Connects other tissues.
- Three components: cells, fibers, and intercellular substances (matrix).
- Several types:
- Osseous or Bone Tissue: Strong, solid matrix, osteoblasts (responsible for bone formation), and osteocytes (mature bone cells).
- Adipose Tissue: Made up of fat cells (adipocytes) that store lipids. Protects some organs.
- Cartilage Tissue: Chrondocytes (cells) contain elastic fibres and produce a solid, flexible matrix like the cartilage found at joints.
- Connective Tissue Proper: Found between tissues and organs, holding them together. Examples include tendons and ligaments.
- Blood Tissue: Red blood cells (erythrocytes), white blood cells (leukocytes), and platelets (thrombocytes). Liquid matrix called plasma with no fibers. Transports substances.
Muscle Tissue
- Contractile tissue with elongated cells called myocytes or muscle fibers.
- Three types:
- Smooth Muscle Tissue: Single nucleus, contraction is slow and involuntary. Found in the walls of internal organs.
- Skeletal Muscle Tissue: Many nuclei, skeletal muscles are striated, contraction is fast and voluntary. Found in skeletal muscles.
- Cardiac Muscle Tissue: Cells joined in a network, single nucleus, contraction is fast and involuntary. Found in the heart wall.
Nervous Tissue
- Cells transmit and receive information throughout the body.
- Two types of cells:
Neurons (Nerve Cells)
- Star-shaped with many projections.
- Specialized in transmitting nerve impulses (electrical impulses).
- Two types of projections:
- Dendrites: Branching projections receiving nerve impulses from previous neurons.
- Axon: Single projection covered by a sheath, sending nerve impulses to the following neuron.
Glial Cells
- Feed and support neurons.
- Do not transmit nerve impulses.
Organs and Organ Systems
- Organ: Group of tissues working together to perform a specific function or action. Examples include the heart, skin, and muscles.
- Organ System: Group of organs working together to perform one or more functions.
Organ Systems Grouped by Life Function:
- Nutrition: Digestive, Respiratory, Circulatory, Excretory.
- Interaction: Nervous, Endocrine, Muscular, Skeletal.
- Reproduction: Male Reproductive, Female Reproductive.
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Description
This quiz covers key concepts related to prokaryotic cells, including their structure, reproduction, and interaction with their environment. Understand the differences between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells, and the mechanisms of cellular communication and division. Test your knowledge on the characteristics and functions of various prokaryotic structures.
