Questions and Answers
_____ is the smallest particle of matter that still retains the properties of an element
Atom
The atomic number of an atom equals?
The number of protons
______ are atoms with the same number of protons as other varieties with a different number of neutrons
Isotopes
Which bond types are found in a bottle of protein water? (Select all that apply)
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The intermolecular attraction between like molecules defines what?
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Which of the following is a functional group? (Select all that apply)
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Monomers are linked to form polymers through what type of reaction?
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The simplest form of carbohydrates are?
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Glucose and Fructose are?
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Which of the following contain amino acids? (Select all that apply)
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Lipids are hydrophilic because their structure is.
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_____ are lipids whose main function is energy storage.
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____ are lipids which regulate chemical reactions? (Select all that apply)
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Amino acids contain?
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Polypeptides are composed of? (Select all that apply)
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What is true of prokaryotes?
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Prokaryote domains include?
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Monomers of nucleic acids are composed of?
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Rough endoplasmic reticulum functions include?
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The Golgi apparatus does what to cell products?
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White blood cells that have a very high concentration of lysosomes include?
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Vacuole functions include?
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_____ release energy and yield products that contain less potential energy than their reactants.
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Which of the following contains peptide bonds?
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Which of the following move solutes with a concentration gradient? (Select all that apply)
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Which of the following refer to the second stage of cellular respiration? (Select all that apply)
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Which of the following take place in the cytoplasm around the mitochondria?
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_____ produce their own food and sustain themselves without eating other organisms.
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The stages of photosynthesis may be termed to include?
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Each photosystem contains?
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Which anaerobic process listed below is used for energy production in humans?
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Enzyme inhibitors may work by what ways?
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The primary types of materials crossing the plasma membrane include?
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Negative feedback loops may be used for what purposes?
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Ibuprofen has which of the following actions? (Select all that apply)
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What is considered to be Arkansas primary legal drug of concern currently?
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Study Notes
Atoms and Molecules
- Atoms are the smallest particles of matter, retaining the properties of an element.
- The atomic number of an atom is defined by the number of protons it has.
- Isotopes are atoms that have the same number of protons but different numbers of neutrons.
Bonds and Functional Groups
- A bottle of protein water contains hydrogen bonds, covalent bonds, and cohesion; all are present.
- Cohesion is the intermolecular attraction between like molecules.
- Functional groups include amino, -COOH, and carboxyl; all function as key biological components.
Polymers and Carbohydrates
- Monomers link to form polymers through dehydration reactions.
- Monosaccharides are the simplest form of carbohydrates.
- Glucose and fructose are carbohydrates that also act as isomers and sugars.
Proteins and Lipids
- Lipids, contrary to some beliefs, are not hydrophilic; the statement is false.
- Triglycerides and fats are lipids primarily responsible for energy storage.
- Amino acids consist of an amino group, a carboxyl group, and a variable R group.
Cellular Structures and Functions
- Prokaryotes, the oldest and most widespread life forms, include the domains Archaea and Bacteria.
- Nucleic acids are formed from monomers composed of sugar, phosphate, and nitrogenous bases.
- The rough endoplasmic reticulum specializes in polypeptide synthesis, while the Golgi apparatus sorts, ships, and finishes cell products.
Immune Response and Cell Functions
- Macrophages are a type of white blood cell characterized by a high concentration of lysosomes.
- Vacuoles serve multiple functions, including waste containment, maintaining turgor pressure, and allowing changes in cell shape.
Energy and Metabolism
- Exergonic reactions release energy and produce products containing less potential energy than the reactants.
- Galactase contains peptide bonds, indicating its protein structure.
- Passive transport and facilitated diffusion both involve the movement of solutes along a concentration gradient.
Cellular Respiration and Photosynthesis
- The second stage of cellular respiration is referred to as the citric acid cycle or tricarboxylic cycle.
- Glycolysis occurs in the cytoplasm around the mitochondria.
- Autotrophs, including chemoautotrophs and photoautotrophs, produce their own food.
Photosynthesis and Fermentation
- Photosynthesis is divided into light reactions and a dark stage, with each photosystem containing a reaction center and light-harvesting complexes.
- Lactic acid fermentation is an anaerobic process used for energy production in humans.
Enzyme Function and Regulation
- Enzyme inhibitors can alter enzyme function by changing the shape of the bonding site or blocking the binding site.
- The plasma membrane facilitates the crossing of waste, nutrients, and chemical information-carrying substances.
Feedback Mechanisms and Drug Actions
- Negative feedback loops regulate cellular metabolism, control produced actions, and save resources.
- Ibuprofen acts as an analgesic, anti-pyretic, and anti-inflammatory agent.
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