Biology: Plant Characteristics and Evolution
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Questions and Answers

What is the primary goal of phylogenetic classification?

  • To identify the evolutionary history of natural groups (correct)
  • To group plants based on their growth forms
  • To categorize organisms based on their geographical distribution
  • To classify organisms based on their flower colors

    • What is the term for a derived feature that has evolved from an ancestral feature?

  • Ancestral trait
  • Advanced characteristic
  • Primitive feature
  • Apomorphy (correct)

    • What is the term for a diagram that shows the evolutionary relationships between organisms?

  • Species hierarchy graph
  • Phylogenetic tree (correct)
  • Rank classification chart
  • Flora diagram

    • What is the basis for grouping taxa together in phylogenetic classification?

    <p>Shared apomorphies</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for a group of organisms that includes all descendants of a common ancestor?

    <p>Clade</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the hierarchical system of classification used to organize organisms?

    <p>Rank classification</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the process of formation of a new species?

    <p>Speciation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for a group of organisms that is being classified?

    <p>Taxa</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary characteristic of plants that allows them to make their own food?

    <p>Presence of chlorophylls a and b in thylakoid membranes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the study of the relationships and evolutionary history among plants through time?

    <p>Systematics</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of the process of Descent with Modification?

    <p>Evolutionary Change</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the assignment of a set of features or attributes to a taxon?

    <p>Description</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the process by which plants store reserve food?

    <p>Storing food as amylose (starch)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the study of the classification of organisms?

    <p>Taxonomy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic of plants that allows them to be sedentary?

    <p>Lack of mobility</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the evolutionary change that occurs through the transfer of DNA from parent to offspring?

    <p>Descent with Modification</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main characteristic of the Kingdom Archea?

    <p>Prokaryotic cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic of the cell wall of True Bacteria?

    <p>Made up of peptidoglycan</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a characteristic of the Kingdom Protista?

    <p>Eukaryotic cells with diverse characteristics</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main function of the Kingdom Fungi?

    <p>Decomposition of organic matter</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic of the Kingdom Plantae?

    <p>Predominantly photosynthetic eukaryotes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a characteristic of the Kingdom Animalia?

    <p>Heterotrophic organisms through ingestion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic of the Phylum Eubacteria?

    <p>Cyanobacteria, chloroxybacteria, and eubacteria</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a characteristic of the Kingdom Fungi?

    <p>Presence of chitin in the cell wall</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic of the Phylum Bryophyta?

    <p>Mosses</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a characteristic of the Kingdom Animalia?

    <p>Eukaryotic cells with nuclear membrane</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    • Popular floras (books to identify plants of a certain area) group plants using characteristics like flower color or growth form (trees, shrubs, herbs, etc.).
    • There are two main methods of classification: phylogenetic (phyletic) classification and rank classification.

    Phylogenetic Classification

    • Phylogenetic classification tries to identify the evolutionary history of natural groups.
    • To establish phylogenies, decisions must be made concerning which characteristics are “primitive” and which are “advanced”—that is, which taxon is the ancestor of the others.
    • Apomorphies (derived features) are used to group taxa that underwent the same evolutionary history.

    Rank Classification

    • Rank classification is hierarchical, with each higher rank being inclusive of lower ranks.
    • The ranks, from highest to lowest, are:
      • Phylum (Example: Magnoliophyta)
      • Class (Example: Liliopsida)
      • Order (Example: Liliales)
      • Family (Example: Liliaceae)
      • Genus (Example: Lilium)
      • Species (Example: Lilium parryi)

    Phylogenetic Tree or Cladogram

    • A cladogram or phylogenetic tree shows the evolutionary relationships between taxa.
    • Taxa are grouped by their shared apomorphies.

    Characteristics of Plants

    • Plants are:
      • Multicellular
      • Autotrophic (photosynthetic)
      • Have chlorophylls a and b in thylakoid membranes
      • Surrounded by cell walls containing cellulose (polysaccharide)
      • Contain seeds or spores
      • Store reserve food as amylose (starch)
      • Sedentary

    Evolution of Plants

    • Photosynthesis evolved multiple times.
    • Endosymbiosis theory explains the origin of chloroplasts in plant cells.
    • Plants evolved from non-photosynthetic organisms with cell walls and spores.

    Systematics

    • Plant systematics is the study of the relationships (evolutionary history) among plants through time using all types of evidence (morphological, molecular, etc.).

    Taxonomy

    • Taxonomy is the study of classification of organisms according to their group (taxon/taxa).
    • It involves description, identification, nomenclature, and classification.

    Kingdom Concept

    • The kingdom concept has evolved over time, with different scientists proposing different classifications.
    • The five-kingdom classification (Monera, Protista, Fungi, Plantae, Animalia) is widely accepted.
    • The six-kingdom classification (Archea, Bacteria, Protista, Fungi, Plantae, Animalia) is also used.

    Classification of Organisms

    • Domain Archea: includes prokaryotic, extremophilic, and mutualistic bacteria.
    • Domain Bacteria: includes true bacteria with peptidoglycan cell walls.
    • Domain Eukarya: includes protists, fungi, plants, and animals, all with eukaryotic cells.

    Kingdoms

    • Kingdom Protista: includes algae, slime molds, and protozoa.
    • Kingdom Fungi: includes chitin-containing, heterotrophic organisms that decompose organic matter.
    • Kingdom Plantae: includes photosynthetic eukaryotes with cell walls containing cellulose.
    • Kingdom Animalia: includes multicellular, eukaryotic, heterotrophic organisms without cell walls.

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    Description

    This quiz covers the characteristics of plants, including their multicellular and autotrophic nature, and their phylogenetic relationships. It also explores the evolution of plants through endosymbiosis theory.

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