26 Questions
What is the primary goal of phylogenetic classification?
To identify the evolutionary history of natural groups
What is the term for a derived feature that has evolved from an ancestral feature?
Apomorphy
What is the term for a diagram that shows the evolutionary relationships between organisms?
Phylogenetic tree
What is the basis for grouping taxa together in phylogenetic classification?
Shared apomorphies
What is the term for a group of organisms that includes all descendants of a common ancestor?
Clade
What is the hierarchical system of classification used to organize organisms?
Rank classification
What is the term for the process of formation of a new species?
Speciation
What is the term for a group of organisms that is being classified?
Taxa
What is the primary characteristic of plants that allows them to make their own food?
Presence of chlorophylls a and b in thylakoid membranes
What is the term for the study of the relationships and evolutionary history among plants through time?
Systematics
What is the result of the process of Descent with Modification?
Evolutionary Change
What is the term for the assignment of a set of features or attributes to a taxon?
Description
What is the process by which plants store reserve food?
Storing food as amylose (starch)
What is the term for the study of the classification of organisms?
Taxonomy
What is the characteristic of plants that allows them to be sedentary?
Lack of mobility
What is the term for the evolutionary change that occurs through the transfer of DNA from parent to offspring?
Descent with Modification
What is the main characteristic of the Kingdom Archea?
Prokaryotic cells
What is the characteristic of the cell wall of True Bacteria?
Made up of peptidoglycan
Which of the following is a characteristic of the Kingdom Protista?
Eukaryotic cells with diverse characteristics
What is the main function of the Kingdom Fungi?
Decomposition of organic matter
What is the characteristic of the Kingdom Plantae?
Predominantly photosynthetic eukaryotes
Which of the following is a characteristic of the Kingdom Animalia?
Heterotrophic organisms through ingestion
What is the characteristic of the Phylum Eubacteria?
Cyanobacteria, chloroxybacteria, and eubacteria
Which of the following is a characteristic of the Kingdom Fungi?
Presence of chitin in the cell wall
What is the characteristic of the Phylum Bryophyta?
Mosses
Which of the following is a characteristic of the Kingdom Animalia?
Eukaryotic cells with nuclear membrane
Study Notes
Popular Floras and Methods of Classification
- Popular floras (books to identify plants of a certain area) group plants using characteristics like flower color or growth form (trees, shrubs, herbs, etc.).
- There are two main methods of classification: phylogenetic (phyletic) classification and rank classification.
Phylogenetic Classification
- Phylogenetic classification tries to identify the evolutionary history of natural groups.
- To establish phylogenies, decisions must be made concerning which characteristics are “primitive” and which are “advanced”—that is, which taxon is the ancestor of the others.
- Apomorphies (derived features) are used to group taxa that underwent the same evolutionary history.
Rank Classification
- Rank classification is hierarchical, with each higher rank being inclusive of lower ranks.
- The ranks, from highest to lowest, are:
- Phylum (Example: Magnoliophyta)
- Class (Example: Liliopsida)
- Order (Example: Liliales)
- Family (Example: Liliaceae)
- Genus (Example: Lilium)
- Species (Example: Lilium parryi)
Phylogenetic Tree or Cladogram
- A cladogram or phylogenetic tree shows the evolutionary relationships between taxa.
- Taxa are grouped by their shared apomorphies.
Characteristics of Plants
- Plants are:
- Multicellular
- Autotrophic (photosynthetic)
- Have chlorophylls a and b in thylakoid membranes
- Surrounded by cell walls containing cellulose (polysaccharide)
- Contain seeds or spores
- Store reserve food as amylose (starch)
- Sedentary
Evolution of Plants
- Photosynthesis evolved multiple times.
- Endosymbiosis theory explains the origin of chloroplasts in plant cells.
- Plants evolved from non-photosynthetic organisms with cell walls and spores.
Systematics
- Plant systematics is the study of the relationships (evolutionary history) among plants through time using all types of evidence (morphological, molecular, etc.).
Taxonomy
- Taxonomy is the study of classification of organisms according to their group (taxon/taxa).
- It involves description, identification, nomenclature, and classification.
Kingdom Concept
- The kingdom concept has evolved over time, with different scientists proposing different classifications.
- The five-kingdom classification (Monera, Protista, Fungi, Plantae, Animalia) is widely accepted.
- The six-kingdom classification (Archea, Bacteria, Protista, Fungi, Plantae, Animalia) is also used.
Classification of Organisms
- Domain Archea: includes prokaryotic, extremophilic, and mutualistic bacteria.
- Domain Bacteria: includes true bacteria with peptidoglycan cell walls.
- Domain Eukarya: includes protists, fungi, plants, and animals, all with eukaryotic cells.
Kingdoms
- Kingdom Protista: includes algae, slime molds, and protozoa.
- Kingdom Fungi: includes chitin-containing, heterotrophic organisms that decompose organic matter.
- Kingdom Plantae: includes photosynthetic eukaryotes with cell walls containing cellulose.
- Kingdom Animalia: includes multicellular, eukaryotic, heterotrophic organisms without cell walls.
This quiz covers the characteristics of plants, including their multicellular and autotrophic nature, and their phylogenetic relationships. It also explores the evolution of plants through endosymbiosis theory.
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