Biology Phyla Quiz

Introduction to the Living World

• The presentation introduces the topic of "The Living World".
• The presentation is from Phan Chau Trinh University, given by Dr. Tín.

Origin of Life: How Life Started on Earth

• The presentation explores the characteristics of life and how life began on Earth.
• Discusses early Earth chemical evolution, which involved the transition from simple inorganic molecules to complex organic mixtures.
• This process was aided by radiation.
• The formation of peptides and RNA molecules was also involved.

RNA World Hypothesis

• RNA was likely the primary molecule for storing genetic information and catalyzing chemical reactions in early life.
• DNA later took over as the genetic material.
• RNA still catalyzes some fundamental reactions in modern cells, representing molecular fossils from the RNA world.

DNA vs. RNA

• DNA and RNA are both nucleic acids with different structures and functions.
• DNA is double-stranded, while RNA is typically single-stranded,
• DNA contains deoxyribose sugar, while RNA contains ribose sugar.
• DNA uses the bases adenine, guanine, cytosine, and thymine.
• RNA uses adenine, guanine, cytosine, and uracil.

Cell Structure: Prokaryotes vs. Eukaryotes

• Prokaryotes (bacteria) lack a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles, have a nucleoid region.
• Eukaryotes (animals, plants, fungi, protists) have a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles, including endoplasmic reticulum, mitochondria, Golgi apparatus.

Prokaryotes vs. Eukaryotes: Key Differences

• Prokaryotic cells lack a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles.
• Eukaryotic cells contain a nucleus and other membrane-bound organelles like mitochondria and endoplasmic reticulum.

The Length Scale of Biology

• Provides a visual representation of the relative sizes of biological entities, from atoms to humans.
• Shows the different scales of microscopes used for these structures: X-ray crystallography, electron microscopy, light microscopy, and magnifier.

Viral Diseases in Children

• Viral diseases are common in children 6 months to 6 years and are usually not dangerous.
• This is due to their immune systems currently developing.

Classifications of Living Organisms

• The biological classification of living organisms.
• Including groups like Plantae, Fungi, Animalia, Protista, and Prokaryotae (Monera).

Prokaryotic vs. Eukaryotic Cell: Structure

• Prokaryotic cells have a cell wall, capsule, pili, flagella, nucleoid, and plasmid.
• Eukaryotic cells have various membrane-bound organelles.
• Differences include a nucleus, an organized cytoskeleton, and membrane-bound organelles.

Gram-Positive vs. Gram-Negative Bacteria

• Gram-positive bacteria appear purple and have a thick peptidoglycan layer in their cell walls.
• Gram-negative bacteria appear pink and have a thin peptidoglycan layer with an outer membrane.

Slime Mold, Euglena, and Balantidium coli

• These are examples of single-celled organisms.
• Euglena is a photosynthetic organism; slime mold is a type of fungi; balantidium coli is a parasite.

Animal and Fungal Cell Structure

• Highlights the differences in cell structure between animals and fungi.
• Animal cells have centrosomes and lysosomes; fungal cells have a cell wall, vacuoles, and bud scars.

Fungi

• Fungi are unicellular or multicellular organisms that are heterotrophic, lacking chlorophyll.
• They break down complex organic materials through enzyme secretion, absorbing simpler substances.
• Fungi consist of thin threads called hyphae with cell walls made from chitin.

Plant vs. Animal Cell

• Plant cells are typically characterized by a rigid cell wall, a large central vacuole, and chloroplasts for photosynthesis.
• Animal cells lack a cell wall and have smaller vacuoles, lacking chloroplasts.
• Animal cells also have lysosomes and centrioles/centrosomes.

Plantae (Plants)

• Multicellular organisms with a true nucleus.
• Cell walls made of cellulose.
• Contain chlorophyll.
• Plants photosynthesize, meaning they are autotrophic.
• Plants have five main phyla, including algae, mosses, ferns, conifers, and angiosperms.

Animalia (Animals)

• Multicellular organisms with a true nucleus; have specialized tissues and organs.
• Includes many phyla, such as Porifera, Cnidaria, Platyhelminthes, Nematoda, Annelida, Mollusca, Echinodermata, Arthropoda, Chordata.
• They are diverse in form, function, and evolution.

Microbiota (Bacteria, Viruses, Fungi, etc.).

• Human microbiota are microorganisms residing in the body, including bacteria, fungi, viruses etc.
• Bacteria, yeasts, viruses, and protozoa are components of the gut microbiota.
• Helminths (roundworms etc.) can also be present, albeit in much lower quantities.
• Viruses are also a component of the human microbiotia, their presence may or may not be harmful to humans.

Good and Bad Bacterial Flora

• Bifidobacteria are beneficial bacteria that maintain gut health and enhance immune function by producing vitamins and preventing pathogenic infections.
• Some strains of E. coli can contribute to illness or disease.
• Lactobacilli are beneficial bacteria that contribute to immunity while also producing vitamins and nutrients.
• Certain strains of campylobacter and enterococci fecalies can lead to diseases

Book Writing Assignment Instructions

• Instructions for creating a book detailing eukaryotic organisms.
• Specific requirements for the presentation.
• The format of the book writing assignment.

Book Writing Assessment

• Grading criteria for the book writing project, combining content and presentation aspects.
• Marks allocated for content research and summarizing skills

Diverse Organisms and Their Adaptations

• Various animal examples and their harmful or beneficial effects on humans, as well as medical treatment options.
• Descriptions of their characteristics, lifestyles and habitats.
• Include examples like the blue-ringed octopus, snakes (Russell's viper, the common krait, saw-scaled viper), and parasites including the Taenia solium.

Leech Case Study

• A case study of a medical procedure where a leech was removed from a patient's vagina.

Vertebrates

• Includes classes of vertebrates such as fish, amphibians, reptiles, birds, and mammals.
• Key characteristics are described, such as having a backbone (vertebrae), internal skeleton, and various body adaptations.

Evolution and Systems

• Questions related to evolutionary order of organisms and animal circulatory system classifications, and their associated anatomical structures and functions.
• Includes details about the differences in blood composition in various animals including but not limited to mammals.

Test your knowledge on various biological phyla and their unique characteristics. This quiz covers topics including Chordata, Echinodermata, and more. Answer questions related to distinct features and representative organisms of each phylum.