Biology Overview

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Questions and Answers

What is the primary function of mitochondria in a cell?

  • Regulate what enters and leaves the cell
  • Generate energy for the cell (correct)
  • Protein synthesis
  • Store genetic information

What is the process by which plants convert light energy into chemical energy?

  • Photosynthesis (correct)
  • Meiosis
  • Cellular respiration
  • Mitosis

What is the term for the study of the structure and function of biological molecules?

  • Molecular Biology (correct)
  • Cell Biology
  • Biochemistry
  • Genetics

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Study Notes

Branches of Biology

  • Botany: study of plants
  • Zoology: study of animals
  • Microbiology: study of microorganisms
  • Ecology: study of interactions between organisms and their environment
  • Biochemistry: study of chemical processes in living organisms
  • Molecular Biology: study of structure and function of biological molecules
  • Cell Biology: study of structure and function of cells
  • Genetics: study of heredity and variation
  • Evolutionary Biology: study of evolution and diversity of life

Biomolecules

  • Carbohydrates: provide energy and structure
  • Proteins: perform various functions (enzymes, transport, storage)
  • Lipids: provide energy and structure
  • Nucleic Acids: DNA and RNA, store genetic information

Cell Structure

  • Plasma membrane: regulates what enters and leaves the cell
  • Cytoplasm: gel-like substance inside the cell
  • Nucleus: contains genetic material (DNA)
  • Mitochondria: generate energy for the cell
  • Endoplasmic reticulum: involved in protein synthesis and transport
  • Ribosomes: site of protein synthesis
  • Lysosomes: contain digestive enzymes

Cellular Processes

  • Photosynthesis: process by which plants convert light energy into chemical energy
  • Cellular respiration: process by which cells generate energy from glucose
  • Mitosis: process of cell division
  • Meiosis: process of gamete formation

Ecosystems

  • Producers: organisms that make their own food (plants)
  • Consumers: organisms that obtain energy by consuming other organisms
  • Decomposers: organisms that break down dead organic matter
  • Food chains: series of organisms that eat other organisms
  • Food webs: interconnected food chains

Evolution

  • Natural selection: process by which populations adapt to their environment
  • Speciation: process by which new species form
  • Phylogeny: study of evolutionary relationships between organisms
  • Fossil record: chronological record of life on Earth

Human Biology

  • Systems of the human body:
    • Nervous system: controls and coordinates body functions
    • Circulatory system: transports oxygen and nutrients
    • Respiratory system: exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide
    • Digestive system: breaks down and absorbs nutrients
    • Immune system: defends against pathogens and diseases

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