Biology Overview

Branches of Biology

• Botany: study of plants
• Zoology: study of animals
• Microbiology: study of microorganisms (bacteria, viruses, etc.)
• Ecology: study of interactions between organisms and their environment
• Biochemistry: study of chemical processes within living organisms
• Molecular Biology: study of the structure and function of biological molecules (DNA, proteins, etc.)

Cell Biology

• Cell Structure:
  • Plasma membrane: separates cell from environment
  • Cytoplasm: jelly-like substance inside cell
  • Nucleus: contains genetic material (DNA)
  • Mitochondria: generates energy for cell
• Cellular Processes:
  • Metabolism: conversion of energy and nutrients
  • Photosynthesis: process by which plants produce energy from sunlight
  • Cell division: process by which cells reproduce

Genetics

• DNA Structure:
  • Double helix model
  • Composed of nucleotides (A, C, G, T)
• Genetic Inheritance:
  • Dominant and recessive traits
  • Mendel's laws of inheritance
• Genetic Variation:
  • Mutation: change in DNA sequence
  • Genetic drift: random change in gene frequency

Evolution

• Theory of Evolution:
  • Descent with modification
  • Natural selection
  • Speciation
• Evidence for Evolution:
  • Fossil record
  • Comparative anatomy
  • Molecular biology

Ecosystems

• Ecosystem Components:
  • Producers (plants, algae)
  • Consumers (herbivores, carnivores, omnivores)
  • Decomposers (bacteria, fungi)
• Energy Flow:
  • Energy pyramid
  • Food chains and webs
• Ecosystem Services:
  • Oxygen production
  • Carbon sequestration
  • Climate regulation

This quiz covers the basics of biology, including branches of biology, cell biology, genetics, evolution, and ecosystems. It covers topics such as botany, zoology, microbiology, ecology, biochemistry, and molecular biology.