Biology Overview and Concepts
55 Questions
0 Views

Choose a study mode

Play Quiz
Study Flashcards
Spaced Repetition
Chat to Lesson

Podcast

Play an AI-generated podcast conversation about this lesson

Questions and Answers

What are the levels of organization in ecology from largest to smallest?

Biosphere, ecosystem, communities, population, organisms, organs and organ systems, tissues, cells, organelles, molecules

What are the levels of taxonomy from broadest to most specific?

Domain, kingdom, phylum, class, order, family, genus, species

What are some common themes in the study of life?

Evolution, order/organization, reproduction, growth and development, energy processing, internal regulation, response to environment

The central theory of biology is ______ by means of ______

<p>evolution, natural selection</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the steps involved in the scientific method?

<p>Observation, hypothesis, experiment, and analysis</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of bond involves the sharing of a pair of valence electrons between two atoms?

<p>Covalent bond</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of covalent bond involves unequal sharing of electrons due to differences in electronegativity?

<p>Polar covalent bond</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of bond occurs when two ions of opposite charge attract each other?

<p>Ionic bond</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of weak attraction occurs between a hydrogen atom and an electronegative atom?

<p>Hydrogen bond</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of weak interaction occurs when atoms and molecules are very close together?

<p>van der Waals</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is dynamic equilibrium?

<p>Reactions are still going on, but with no net effect on the concentrations of reactants and products. This does NOT mean they are equal in concentration.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is an acid?

<p>A substance that increases the hydrogen ion concentration of a solution</p> Signup and view all the answers

The pH of a solution is calculated using the equation: pH= -log[H+]. The pH ______ as the H+ concentration increases.

<p>declines</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a buffer?

<p>A substance that minimizes changes in the concentrations of H+ and OH-. Most buffers contain a weak acid and corresponding base.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are isomers?

<p>Same number of atoms in the same elements but have different structures and properties.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are cis- and trans-isomers?

<p>Isomers with the same functional groups but different spatial arrangements (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are enantiomers?

<p>Mirror image of each other</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the chemical formula and properties of the hydroxyl group?

<p>-OH, Polar</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the chemical formula and properties of the amine group?

<p>NH2, base</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the chemical formula and properties of the sulfhydryl group?

<p>SH</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the chemical formula and properties of the phosphate group?

<p>PO4^2-</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the chemical formula and properties of the methyl group?

<p>CH3</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are carbohydrates used for in cells?

<p>fuel and building material</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are some examples of polysaccharides and their functions?

<p>cellulose(most abundant, used for structure in plants), glycogen(used for storage in animals), and starch(AKA amylose, used for storage in plants), chitin(used for structure in fungi &amp; arthropods)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are lipids used for in cells?

<p>insulation, long-term energy storage, membranes(phospholipids), and steroids. not true polymer</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are fatty acids and what are some of their properties?

<p>primarily long, hydrocarbon chains with carboxyl group. May have double bonds</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the difference between saturated and unsaturated fatty acids?

<p>saturated fatty acids have no double bonds in the hydrocarbon tail, whereas unsaturated fatty acids do. Unsaturated fatty acids can be further categorized as trans/cis depending on the position of the hydrogens on the carbons of the double bond.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are steroids and how do they differ from other lipids?

<p>four ring lipids. All steroids are lipids, but not all lipids are steroids!!!</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are proteins and what are some of their diverse functions?

<p>diverse and have many functions which include: enzymes, structure, hormones, storage of amino acids, etc.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the subunits of proteins?

<p>Amino acids, amino group(NH2) + alpha carbon + carboxyl group (COOH) + R group</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are nucleic acids and what are they used for in cells?

<p>store, transmit, and express hereditary information. RNA &amp; DNA</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the difference between RNA and DNA?

<p>RNA has ribose (AUCG), DNA has deoxyribose (ATCG)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the differences between purines and pyrimidines?

<p>A,C vs. C,T,U</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a transmission electron microscope (TEM)?

<p>Reveals internal structures. Profiles a thin section</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a scanning electron microscope (SEM)?

<p>3-D image of surface of a specimen</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is centrifugation and how is it used to study cells?

<p>Takes the cell apart and separates major organelles and other sub cellular structure from one another</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are prokaryotes?

<p>No membrane bound organelles, smaller (1 room house)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the nuclear envelope?

<p>double membrane, contains DNA, nucleolus, pores, nuclear lamina</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are ribosomes and what are their functions?

<p>small and large subunits, may be attached to RER. Different sized subunits in prokaryotes and eukaryotes</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the differences in function between the rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER) and smooth endoplasmic reticulum (SER)?

<p>RER: protein synthesis, SER: regulates and releases calcium ions, processes toxins</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the Golgi apparatus?

<p>Responsible for shipping and receiving (golgi bodies)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of mitochondria?

<p>the powerhouse of the cell. Cristae, matrix, inter membrane space, home of the Krebs cycle &amp; oxidative phosphoylation in eukaryotes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of chloroplasts?

<p>the REAL powerhouse of the cell. runs on solar energy (photosynthesis), stacks of thylakoids=grana, made of membranes</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are some similarities between mitochondria and chloroplasts?

<p>both have their own DNA and ribosomes, reproduce independently from other organelles/structures. both increase surface area of innermost membranes. Both have ATP synthase</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are microtubules and what are their functions?

<p>made of alpha and beta tubular, aid in mitosis, power flagella &amp; cilia, move vesicles on &quot;monorail&quot;, resist compaction</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are microfilaments and what are their functions?

<p>made of actin, muscle contractions (with myosin), contractile, cortical, cleavage furrow</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are intermediate filaments and what are their functions?

<p>in between, may be made of different proteins, but keratin is typical make up of nuclear lamina and ECM</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is meant by selective permeability of a cell membrane?

<p>Small, non-polar molecules (like gases) can pass through phospholipid bilayer. Polar, charged and large molecules require transport via protein channels</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is tonicity and how does it affect the movement of water across a cell membrane?

<p>hypotonic= lower solute concentration, isotonic= equal solute concentration, hypertonic= higher solute concentration</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is diffusion?

<p>movement from an area of high solute concentration to an area of lower solute concentration</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is osmosis?

<p>Diffusion of water across a semipermeable with its concentration gradient from hypotonic to hypertonic</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are phagocytosis, pinocytosis, receptor-mediated endocytosis, and what do they have in common?

<p>moving in</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is metabolism?

<p>all cellular chemical reactions</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the first law of thermodynamics?

<p>conservation of energy. &quot;energy cannot be created or destroyed&quot;</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the second law of thermodynamics?

<p>every transfer of energy is</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Levels of organization in ecology

The hierarchical arrangement of living things, from the smallest units (molecules) to the largest (biosphere). It includes organisms, populations, communities, ecosystems, and the biosphere.

Levels of taxonomy

The classification system used to organize living organisms into hierarchical groups based on shared characteristics. It consists of Domain, Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, and Species.

Common themes in the study of life

Fundamental unifying principles that govern all living things, including evolution, order/organization, reproduction, growth and development, energy processing, internal regulation, and response to the environment.

The central theory of biology is __________ by means of ___________________

The central theory of biology is evolution by means of natural selection. Natural selection is the process where organisms with traits better suited to their environment survive and reproduce more successfully.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Scientific Method

A systematic approach used to investigate and understand the natural world. It involves observation, hypothesis formation, experimentation, and analysis.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Covalent Bond

A chemical bond formed by the sharing of a pair of valence electrons between two atoms. This sharing allows atoms to achieve stability by filling their outermost electron shell, forming a molecule.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Polar Covalent Bond

A covalent bond where electrons are not shared equally, creating a partial positive charge on one atom and a partial negative charge on the other due to differences in electronegativity.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Ionic Bond

A chemical bond formed between two oppositely charged ions, resulting from the complete transfer of one or more electrons from one atom to another.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Hydrogen Bond

A weak interaction between a hydrogen atom covalently linked to a highly electronegative atom (like oxygen or nitrogen) and an electron pair in the adjacent molecule.

Signup and view all the flashcards

van der Waals

Weak, temporary attractions between molecules due to fluctuations in electron distribution, becoming stronger when atoms and molecules are very close together.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Dynamic equilibrium

A state where the rates of forward and reverse reactions are equal, leading to no net change in the concentrations of reactants and products. It does not mean that concentrations are equal.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Acid

A substance that increases the hydrogen ion (H+) concentration of a solution, making it more acidic.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Base

A substance that reduces the hydrogen ion (H+) concentration of a solution, making it more basic (alkaline).

Signup and view all the flashcards

pH of a solution

A measure of the acidity or alkalinity of a solution, expressed as a number from 0 to 14, with 7 being neutral. Lower numbers indicate higher acidity, while higher numbers indicate higher alkalinity.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Buffers

Substances that resist changes in pH by accepting or releasing H+ as needed. They typically contain a weak acid and its corresponding base.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Isomers

Molecules with the same number and types of atoms but different structural arrangements, leading to unique properties.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Cis-/Trans-isomers

Isomers where the arrangement of substituents around a double bond differs. Cis-isomers have substituents on the same side, while trans-isomers have them on opposite sides.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Enantiomers

Stereoisomers that are mirror images of each other, like left and right hands.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Hydroxyl Group

A functional group consisting of a hydrogen atom bonded to an oxygen atom (-OH). It is polar.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Carbonyl Group

A functional group consisting of a carbon atom double bonded to an oxygen atom (C=O).

Signup and view all the flashcards

Carboxyl Group

A functional group consisting of carbon double bonded to oxygen and single bonded to hydroxyl group (COOH). It acts as an acid.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Amine Group

A functional group consisting of nitrogen bonded to two hydrogen atoms (NH2). It acts as a base.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Sulfhydryl Group

A functional group consisting of a sulfur atom bonded to a hydrogen atom (SH).

Signup and view all the flashcards

Phosphate Group

A functional group consisting of phosphorus bonded to four oxygen atoms, with one oxygen double-bonded (PO4^2-). It is important for energy transfer.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Methyl Group

A functional group consisting of a carbon atom bonded to three hydrogen atoms (CH3).

Signup and view all the flashcards

Carbohydrates

Organic molecules composed of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen, often in a 1:2:1 ratio. They serve as fuel for cellular processes and provide structural support.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Monomers

Simple sugars, including monosaccharides (single sugars) and disaccharides (two sugars linked together). They are the building blocks of carbohydrates, and all have a carbonyl group and a carbon backbone.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Polysaccharides

Complex carbohydrates formed by the linkage of many monosaccharides. They serve various functions, including energy storage and structural support.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Lipids

Diverse group of hydrophobic molecules, including fats, oils, phospholipids, and steroids.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Fatty acids

Long chains of hydrocarbons with a carboxyl group at one end. They can be saturated (no double bonds) or unsaturated (at least one double bond).

Signup and view all the flashcards

Saturated fatty acids

Fatty acids that contain only single bonds between carbon atoms. They are typically solid at room temperature.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Steroids

Lipids characterized by a four-ring structure. Examples include cholesterol, testosterone, and estrogen.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Proteins

Large, complex molecules composed of amino acids. They have a diverse range of functions, including enzymes, structural components, hormones, and transport.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Subunits of proteins

Amino acids, which consist of an amino group, an alpha carbon, a carboxyl group, and a variable side chain ('R' group) that determines the amino acid's properties.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Nucleic acids

Complex biomolecules that store, transmit, and express genetic information. They are composed of nucleotides, which consist of a sugar, a phosphate group, and a nitrogenous base. DNA and RNA are examples.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Study Notes

Ecology and Taxonomy

  • Levels of organization in ecology include: biosphere, ecosystem, communities, populations, organisms, organs and organ systems, tissues, cells, organelles, and molecules.
  • Levels of taxonomy are: domain, kingdom, phylum, class, order, family, genus, and species.

Common Themes in Biology

  • Key themes in the study of life include evolution, order/organization, reproduction, growth and development, energy processing, internal regulation, and response to the environment.

The Central Theory of Biology

  • Biology's central theory is evolution by natural selection.

Scientific Method

  • The scientific method involves observation, hypothesis, experiment, and analysis.

Chemical Bonds

  • Covalent Bond: Two atoms share a pair of valence electrons.
  • Polar Covalent Bond: Unequal sharing of electrons between atoms due to differing electronegativity.
  • Ionic Bond: Formed by the attraction between oppositely charged ions.
  • Hydrogen Bond: Attraction between a hydrogen atom and a highly electronegative atom (e.g., oxygen or nitrogen).
  • Van der Waals Forces: Weak attractions between atoms and molecules that are very close together.

Water and Solutions

  • Dynamic Equilibrium: Reactions proceed in both directions, but there's no net effect on reactant/product concentrations.
  • Acid: A substance increasing the hydrogen ion (H+) concentration of a solution.
  • Base: A substance decreasing the hydrogen ion (H+) concentration of a solution.
  • pH: A measure of H+ concentration (pH = -log[H+]). Lower pH indicates a more acidic solution.
  • Buffers: Substances minimizing changes in H+ and OH- concentrations in a solution.

Organic Molecules

  • Isomers: Molecules with the same chemical formula but different structures.
  • Cis-Trans Isomers: Differences in the arrangement of atoms around a double bond.
  • Enantiomers: Molecules that are mirror images of each other.
  • Functional Groups: Specific groups of atoms that give organic molecules unique properties.
    • Hydroxyl (-OH): Polar
    • Carbonyl (C=O): Ketone
    • Carboxyl (-COOH): Acidic
    • Amine (-NH2): Basic
    • Sulfhydryl (-SH): Important in protein structure
    • Phosphate (-PO4^2-): Important in energy transfer
    • Methyl (-CH3): Affects the properties of molecules

Macromolecules

  • Carbohydrates: Provide fuel and building materials for organisms. Monomers include simple sugars (monosaccharides and disaccharides).
  • Polysaccharides: Complex carbohydrates; examples include cellulose (structural in plants), glycogen (storage in animals), starch (storage in plants), and chitin (structural in fungi and arthropods).
  • Lipids: Hydrophobic molecules used for insulation, energy storage, membranes (phospholipids), and steroids. Not true polymers.
    • Fatty acids: Primarily hydrocarbon chains with a carboxyl group.
    • Saturated Fatty Acids: Have no double bonds.
    • Steroids: Four ringed lipids.
  • Proteins: Diverse molecules with many functions including enzymes, structure, hormones, and storage. Subunits are amino acids consisting of an amino group, an alpha carbon, a carboxyl group, and a variable "R" group.
  • Nucleic Acids (DNA and RNA): Store, transmit, and express hereditary information. RNA uses ribose sugar and the bases A, U, C, G. DNA uses deoxyribose sugar and the bases A, T, C, G.
  • Purines vs. Pyrimidines: Purines (A, G) are larger, Pyrimidines (C, T, U) are smaller.

Cell Biology

  • Microscopes (TEM, SEM): Tools for visualizing cell structures.
    • TEM: Reveals internal structures.
    • SEM: Produces 3-D images of surfaces.
  • Centrifugation: Separates cellular components based on density.
  • Prokaryotes vs. Eukaryotes: Prokaryotes lack membrane-bound organelles, Eukaryotes have them.
  • Cell Organelles:
    • Nuclear Envelope: Double membrane surrounding DNA.
    • Ribosomes: Synthesize proteins.
    • Endoplasmic Reticulum (RER and SER): Involved in protein synthesis, lipid synthesis, regulation of calcium concentrations, detoxification.
    • Golgi Apparatus: Processes and packages proteins.
    • Mitochondria: Cellular respiration (ATP production).
    • Chloroplasts: Photosynthesis.
    • Cytoskeleton: Composed of microtubules (support, movement), microfilaments (muscle contraction, cell division), and intermediate filaments
  • Selectively Permeable Membranes: Control what enters and exits the cell.
  • Tonicity (Hypotonic, Isotonic, Hypertonic): Describes solution concentrations relative to cells.
  • Diffusion and Osmosis: Movement of substances across membranes.
  • Transport Mechanisms (Exocytosis, Endocytosis): Movement of substances into or out of cells. (Phagocytosis, pinocytosis, receptor-mediated endocytosis)

Biochemistry

  • Metabolism: All cellular chemical reactions.
  • Anabolism: Building up molecules.
  • Catabolism: Breaking down molecules.
  • Thermodynamics The 1st law of thermodynamics states that energy cannot be destroyed or created but can be transformed. The 2nd law states that energy transfer leads to disorder (entropy)

Studying That Suits You

Use AI to generate personalized quizzes and flashcards to suit your learning preferences.

Quiz Team

Description

This quiz covers key concepts in biology, including ecology, taxonomy, themes of life, the scientific method, and chemical bonds. Test your understanding of the hierarchy of biological organization and the central theory of evolution. Perfect for students looking to reinforce their knowledge in biology.

More Like This

Use Quizgecko on...
Browser
Open
Browser
Browser