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Biology Overview and Cell Theory
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Biology Overview and Cell Theory

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Questions and Answers

Who was the first to state that cells are the building blocks of all plants?

  • Theodor Schwann
  • Charles Darwin
  • Matthias Jakob Schleiden (correct)
  • Robert Hooke

    • Robert Hooke discovered cells while observing a slice of an apple.

    False

    What term did Robert Hooke use to describe the tiny structures he observed?

    cellulae

    ____________ is the study of heredity and variation.

    <p>Genetics</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the branches of biology with their definitions:

    <p>Anatomy = Study of the forms and structure of the body Botany = Study of plants Zoology = Study of animals Microbiology = The study of microorganisms</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a branch of biology?

    <p>Psychology</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Ecology studies the relationship of living organisms to their environment.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did Theodor Schwann propose?

    <p>Unified cell theory</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The study of fungi is known as ____________.

    <p>Mycology</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During which phase are chromosomes lined up at the metaphase plate?

    <p>Metaphase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In Anaphase, sister chromatids are pulled toward opposite poles of the cell.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What occurs during cytokinesis?

    <p>Physical separation of cytoplasmic components into two daughter cells.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The final preparations for the mitotic phase must be completed during the ___ phase.

    <p>G2</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the terms with their definitions:

    <p>Metaphase = Chromosomes are lined up at the metaphase plate. Telophase = Nuclear envelope surrounds each set of chromosomes. Cytokinesis = Physical separation of cytoplasmic components. Anaphase = Sister chromatids are pulled toward opposite poles.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to the mitotic spindle during Telophase?

    <p>It disappears</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Sister chromatids are still called chromatids after division in Anaphase.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the first portion of the mitotic phase called?

    <p>Karyokinesis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During an animal cell cytokinesis, a ___ furrow separates the daughter cells.

    <p>cleavage</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which phase involves the breakdown of cohesion proteins binding the sister chromatids?

    <p>Anaphase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens during prometaphase II?

    <p>The nuclear envelope disappears.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The cleavage during telophase II divides the two cells into three haploid cells.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What occurs at the chiasmata during meiosis?

    <p>Crossing over occurs.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During anaphase II, sister chromatids are pulled apart by the ______.

    <p>kinetochore microtubules</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following phases with their primary events:

    <p>Prometaphase I = Nuclear envelope disappears and spindle fibers emerge Metaphase II = Sister chromatids are maximally condensed and aligned Anaphase I = Microtubules pull linked chromosomes apart Telophase II = Cleavage divides cells into four haploid cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During metaphase I, what is the position of homologous chromosomes?

    <p>They are attached to spindle microtubules at the metaphase plate.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the diameter of microtubules?

    <p>25 nm</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Vesicles and vacuoles serve as storage and transport systems within the cell.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the two globular proteins that make up microtubules?

    <p>α-tubulin and β-tubulin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The Golgi apparatus is responsible for the ______, tagging, packaging, and distribution of lipids and proteins.

    <p>sorting</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which organelle is associated with ribosomes and primarily synthesizes proteins?

    <p>Rough ER</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Microfilaments measure between 25 nm in diameter.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the smooth endoplasmic reticulum?

    <p>Synthesize carbohydrates, lipids, and steroid hormones; detoxification.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During _____, the cell undergoes normal growth processes while preparing for division.

    <p>interphase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following organelles with their primary functions:

    <p>Vesicles = Storage and transport Rough ER = Protein synthesis Golgi apparatus = Packaging and distribution Smooth ER = Lipid synthesis and detoxification</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The endomembrane system includes which of the following?

    <p>Lysosomes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Who were the first to observe live cells using a microscope?

    <p>Anton van Leeuwenhoek</p> Signup and view all the answers

    All prokaryotic organisms are multicellular.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the phrase 'Omnis cellula e cellula' signify?

    <p>New cells come from existing cells.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Eukaryotic cells contain a __________ nucleus.

    <p>membrane-bound</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following cell types with their characteristics:

    <p>Prokaryotic cells = Simplest and oldest cell type Eukaryotic cells = More advanced with complex internal structures Animalcules = Term used by Leeuwenhoek for observed live cells Virchow = Formulated the idea that new cells come from existing cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of organisms are prokaryotes?

    <p>Unicellular only</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Eukaryotic cells are generally smaller than prokaryotic cells.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Name one advantage of eukaryotic cells over prokaryotic cells.

    <p>Complex internal structure or membrane-bound organelles.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The first type of cell to appear on Earth was __________.

    <p>prokaryotic</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following organelles is NOT found in eukaryotic cells?

    <p>Nucleoid</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Biology Overview

    • Study of living organisms and their interactions with environments.
    • Key branches include Anatomy, Botany, Cytology, Biochemistry, Ecology, Zoology, Genetics, Microbiology, Taxonomy, Paleontology, Histology, Physiology, Phycology, Mycology, Bacteriology, and Herpetology.

    Key Historical Figures

    • Robert Hooke discovered cells in cork (1665), naming them "cellulae" meaning "little rooms."
    • Matthias Schleiden stated that all plants are made of cells (1838).
    • Theodor Schwann proposed that all animals are composed of cells, contributing to the cell theory.
    • Rudolf Virchow's principle: "Omnis cellula e cellula," meaning new cells arise from existing cells.
    • Anton van Leeuwenhoek observed live cells and coined term "animalcules."

    Cell Theory

    • All living things are composed of cells.
    • The cell is the basic unit of life.
    • New cells arise from existing cells.

    Cell Types

    • Prokaryotic cells: Simple, unicellular, earliest life forms, lack membrane-bound organelles.
    • Eukaryotic cells: More complex, larger (10-100 µm), have membrane-bound organelles and a nucleus.

    Cell Structure and Function

    • Vesicles and Vacuoles: Membrane-bound sacs for storage and transport.
    • Endomembrane System: Includes nuclear envelope, lysosomes, vesicles, endoplasmic reticulum, and Golgi apparatus for lipid and protein modification, packaging, transportation.
    • Rough ER: Associated with ribosomes, synthesizes proteins, undergoes modifications.
    • Smooth ER: Synthesizes carbohydrates, lipids, detoxifies substances, stores calcium ions.
    • Golgi Apparatus: Sorts, tags, packages, and distributes proteins and lipids.

    Cell Cycle Phases

    • Interphase: Cell undergoes normal growth, prepares for division.
    • Mitosis: Multistep process of chromosome alignment, separation, and division into daughter cells.
    • Key phases of mitosis:
      • Metaphase: Chromosomes aligned at the cell's equator.
      • Anaphase: Sister chromatids pulled to opposite poles.
      • Telophase: Chromosomes decondense, nuclear envelope forms around each set.
    • Cytokinesis: Separation of cytoplasmic components; cleavage furrow in animal cells, cell plate in plant cells.

    Meiosis Phases

    • Prometaphase I and II: Spindle fibers attach to chromosomes; nuclear envelope disappears.
    • Metaphase I and II: Chromosomes aligned at the equator, maximally condensed.
    • Anaphase I and II: Chromosomes pulled apart, moving to opposite poles.
    • Telophase II and Cytokinesis: Cells divide into four haploid cells.

    Cytoskeletal Components

    • Microtubules: Hollow tubes made of tubulin, assist in maintaining cell shape, transporting vesicles, and chromosome movement during division.

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    Description

    This quiz covers the fundamental concepts of biology, focusing on the study of living organisms and their interactions with their environments. Key historical figures who contributed to the development of cell theory are highlighted, along with the different types of cells. Gain a comprehensive understanding of the essential concepts in biology and the importance of cells in all living organisms.

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