Biology Overview and Branches

Cell Biology
- Focuses on the structure, function, and behavior of cells.
- Includes studies on organelles, cellular processes (mitosis, meiosis), and cell communication.
Genetics
- Study of heredity and variation in organisms.
- Involves concepts of DNA, genes, chromosomes, and genetic engineering.
Evolutionary Biology
- Examines the origins and changes in the diversity of life over time.
- Key theories include natural selection and speciation.
Ecology
- Study of interactions between organisms and their environment.
- Includes ecosystems, food chains, and biodiversity.
Physiology
- Focuses on the functions and mechanisms in living organisms.
- Covers systems such as circulatory, respiratory, and nervous systems.
Botany
- Study of plants, including their structure, properties, and biochemical processes.
- Involves plant classification, photosynthesis, and ecology.
Zoology
- Study of animals, including their behavior, physiology, and taxonomy.
- Encompasses areas like ethology and conservation biology.

Cell Theory
- All living organisms are composed of cells.
- The cell is the basic unit of life.
- All cells arise from pre-existing cells.
Homeostasis
- The ability of an organism to maintain a stable internal environment despite external changes.
Metabolism
- The sum of all chemical reactions in a living organism, including anabolism (building up) and catabolism (breaking down).
DNA Structure and Function
- DNA is the hereditary material in organisms, consisting of nucleotides (adenine, thymine, cytosine, guanine).
- Genetic information is encoded in the sequence of nucleotides.
Natural Selection
- Mechanism of evolution where organisms better adapted to their environment tend to survive and produce more offspring.

Microscopy
- Use of microscopes to study small structures (e.g., cells, bacteria).
Biotechnology
- Use of biological processes for industrial and other practical applications, such as genetic modification and cloning.
Field Studies
- Research conducted in natural environments to observe organisms in their habitats.

Medicine
- Understanding diseases, developing treatments, and creating vaccines.
Conservation
- Protecting biodiversity and ecosystems through sustainable practices.
Agriculture
- Improving crop yields and pest resistance through biotechnological advances.
Environmental Science
- Studying the impacts of humans on ecosystems and developing strategies for sustainability.

Cell Biology
- Investigates the structure, function, and behavior of cells, including organelles and cellular processes like mitosis and meiosis.
Genetics
- Explores heredity and variation, covering DNA, genes, chromosomes, and concepts like genetic engineering.
Evolutionary Biology
- Studies the origins and diversity of life, emphasizing key theories such as natural selection and speciation.
Ecology
- Examines the relationships between organisms and their environments, including ecosystems, food chains, and biodiversity.
Physiology
- Investigates the functions and mechanisms of living organisms, covering systems like circulatory, respiratory, and nervous.
Botany
- Focuses on plants, their structure, properties, biochemical processes, plant classification, and photosynthesis.
Zoology
- Studies animals' behavior, physiology, and taxonomy, including areas like ethology and conservation biology.

Cell Theory
- Defines that all living organisms are composed of cells, which are the basic unit of life, and all cells originate from pre-existing cells.
Homeostasis
- Refers to an organism's ability to maintain a stable internal environment despite external fluctuations.
Metabolism
- Encompasses all chemical reactions in an organism, separating into anabolism (building reactions) and catabolism (breaking reactions).
DNA Structure and Function
- DNA serves as hereditary material, made of nucleotides (adenine, thymine, cytosine, guanine) with genetic information encoded in their sequences.
Natural Selection
- A fundamental mechanism of evolution where organisms better adapted to their environment are more likely to survive and reproduce.

Microscopy
- Utilizes microscopes to examine small structures such as cells and bacteria.
Biotechnology
- Applies biological processes for practical applications, including genetic modification and cloning techniques.
Field Studies
- Conducts research in natural environments to observe organisms in their native habitats.

Medicine
- Enhances understanding of diseases, development of treatments, and creation of vaccines.
Conservation
- Focuses on protecting biodiversity and ecosystems through sustainable methods.
Agriculture
- Aims to improve crop yields and enhance pest resistance via biotechnological innovations.
Environmental Science
- Investigates human impacts on ecosystems and formulates strategies for sustainability.

Science is a systematic enterprise focused on building and organizing knowledge.
Employs observable phenomena, experiments, and empirical evidence to acquire understanding.

Natural Sciences: Investigates the natural world; key fields include:
- Physics: Examines matter and energy.
- Chemistry: Analyzes substances and their chemical interactions.
- Biology: Studies living organisms and their processes.
Formal Sciences: Explores abstract concepts; encompasses:
- Mathematics: Deals with numbers, quantities, and geometrical shapes.
- Logic: Investigates reasoning and argument structures.
Social Sciences: Focuses on human behavior and social structures; includes:
- Psychology: Explores the mind and behavioral patterns.
- Sociology: Studies social interactions and societal development.
- Economics: Examines production, distribution, and consumption of goods.
Applied Sciences: Utilizes scientific knowledge to solve practical issues; features:
- Engineering: Merges science and mathematics for design and construction.
- Medicine: Applies biological and chemical principles to healthcare.

Observation: Collects data using senses or tools.
Hypothesis: Creates a testable prediction based on observations.
Experimentation: Designs and executes experiments to validate the hypothesis.
Analysis: Evaluates data to determine the hypothesis's validity.
Conclusion: Summarizes findings and may inspire further inquiries.

Theory: A well-supported explanation of natural phenomena.
Law: A consistent statement established through repeated observations and experiments.
Peer Review: Expert evaluation process ensuring research integrity and rigor.

Discovery of DNA structure by Watson and Crick revolutionized genetics.
Einstein's theory of relativity transformed physics and our understanding of space-time.
Development of vaccines has significantly raised public health standards.
Progress in renewable energy technologies aids in addressing environmental challenges.