Questions and Answers
What 3 phyla have an open circulatory system?
Mollusks, arthropods, and annelids
What phylum has a closed circulatory system?
Vertebrates
What is the difference between an open and closed circulatory system?
In an open circulatory system, blood is pumped from the heart into body cavities, while in a closed system, blood is contained within vessels.
Give 2 advantages of a closed circulatory system in terms of why it is more efficient.
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What is the equation for flow rate?
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In a closed system, is the change in pressure high or low and what difference does this make?
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Define viscosity in terms of blood.
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How does viscosity affect flow rate?
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Give an example of an animal with high viscosity in terms of blood and how this affects them.
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Study Notes
Open vs Closed Circulatory Systems
- Open circulatory systems found in mollusks, arthropods, and annelids allow blood to flow freely within body cavities, bathing tissues directly.
- Closed circulatory systems, characteristic of vertebrates, utilize a continuous network of vessels, preventing blood from mingling with body fluids.
Key Differences
- Open systems involve heart-pumped blood entering body cavities, facilitating direct nutrient delivery to tissues.
- Closed systems maintain blood flow through vessels, promoting efficient nutrient and gas transport.
Advantages of Closed Circulatory Systems
- Enables quicker blood flow, enhancing nutrient transport efficiency.
- Allows regulation of blood flow by adjusting vessel diameter, optimizing circulation based on physiological needs.
Flow Rate Equation
- Flow rate is determined by the equation: flow rate = change in pressure/resistance.
Pressure in Closed Systems
- Closed systems exhibit high pressure, resulting in increased resistance against blood flow, necessitating stronger heart contractions.
Viscosity of Blood
- Viscosity refers to the thickness or stickiness of blood, influencing how easily it flows through the circulatory system.
Effect of Viscosity on Flow Rate
- Higher blood viscosity requires more effort from the heart to maintain a desired flow rate, potentially impacting overall circulation efficiency.
Example of High Viscosity
- Antarctic fishes possess high blood viscosity, requiring adaptations such as larger hearts, extensive vascular networks, and increased blood volume to sustain flow in cold environments.
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Description
Test your knowledge on the differences between open and closed circulatory systems in various phyla. This quiz covers key characteristics of mollusks, arthropods, annelids, and vertebrates. Understand how blood circulation varies across different organisms.
