Biology Movement and Gas Exchange Quiz
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Questions and Answers

What is the primary consequence if excess tissue fluid is not removed from the tissues?

  • Swelling of the tissues. (correct)
  • Formation of blood clots.
  • Increased glucose concentration in the blood.
  • Decreased oxygen supply to the cells.

What is the role of lymph nodes in the lymphatic system?

  • To filter harmful substances and microorganisms from the lymph fluid. (correct)
  • To secrete digestive enzymes.
  • To produce red blood cells.
  • To regulate blood pressure.

Where does the lymph fluid re-enter the bloodstream after being filtered by the lymph nodes?

  • The hepatic portal vein.
  • The renal artery.
  • The pulmonary artery.
  • The subclavian veins. (correct)

Which of the following best describes the function of receptors?

<p>To detect stimuli and stimulate electrical impulses (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the two main components of the human nervous system?

<p>Central and peripheral nervous systems (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of sensory nerves in the peripheral nervous system?

<p>To transmit electrical impulses from sense organs to the CNS. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following describes the role of motor nerves?

<p>Carrying electrical impulses from the CNS to effectors. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the initial step in a sensory neuron's response to a stimulus?

<p>Detection of the stimulus by a receptor and conversion into electrical impulses. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of antibodies when they bind to pathogens?

<p>To cause pathogens to clump together, making them easier for phagocytes to ingest (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of cell is responsible for producing large quantities of antibodies after a lymphocyte recognizes a pathogen's antigen?

<p>Plasma Cells (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of memory cells in the immune response?

<p>To rapidly produce antibodies upon subsequent exposure to the same pathogen (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the name of the process when a phagocyte ingests a pathogen?

<p>Phagocytosis (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does the secondary immune response differ from the primary immune response?

<p>The secondary immune response produces antibodies faster and in greater quantity. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the specific name given to the proteins found on the surface of pathogens that lymphocytes can detect?

<p>Antigens (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes the shape of an antibody molecule?

<p>Y-shaped (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the direct result of antibodies attaching to pathogens?

<p>The pathogens clump together, facilitating phagocytosis. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What structural feature of capillaries facilitates efficient exchange of materials?

<p>Very thin, permeable walls composed of a single cell layer (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes the role of elastic recoil in arteries?

<p>To maintain blood pressure by pushing blood forward after ventricular contraction (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary mechanism by which blood is propelled through veins back to the heart?

<p>The squeezing action of surrounding skeletal muscles (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a key difference between arteries and veins?

<p>Arteries carry blood away from the heart, while veins carry blood toward the heart. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In which type of blood vessel is blood pressure the lowest?

<p>Veins (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which characteristic is NOT associated with arteries?

<p>Wide lumen to reduce resistance (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the composition of vein walls?

<p>Thin walls mainly comprised of collagen (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following are true about arteries? (Select all that apply)

<p>Walls stretch due to ventricles contracting, allowing blood to enter (B), Blood is usually oxygenated (except in pulmonary arteries) (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of lymphocytes found in blood?

<p>To produce antibodies (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which adaptation of red blood cells increases the rate of oxygen diffusion?

<p>A thin cell surface membrane (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is not a component transported by blood plasma?

<p>Fibrin (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary role of platelets in blood?

<p>Facilitating blood clotting (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following characteristics differentiates arteries from veins?

<p>Thicker walls and more elastic fibres (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why is blood clotting so important for humans?

<p>It prevents microorganisms entering and minimises blood loss (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the context of blood vessels, what is the role of capillaries?

<p>To allow the exchange of materials between blood and tissues (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which feature is present in veins and prevents the backflow of blood?

<p>Valves (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens to the lens and suspensory ligaments when focusing on a distant object?

<p>The lens becomes less convex, and the suspensory ligaments become taut. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which part of the retina is responsible for the sharpest vision?

<p>Fovea (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the choroid layer in the eye?

<p>To absorb light that passes through the retina. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT directly involved in thermoregulation?

<p>Hair follicle (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the hair erector muscle?

<p>To contract and cause the hair to stand up. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What physiological response occurs when the body detects a decrease in core body temperature?

<p>Vasoconstriction in the skin (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which part of the body detects changes in blood temperature to maintain core body temperature?

<p>Hypothalamus (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the immediate effect of vasodilation on blood flow and heat loss in the skin?

<p>Increased blood flow, increased heat loss (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main characteristic of live attenuated vaccines?

<p>They contain a weakened form of the pathogen. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why are doctors hesitant to prescribe antibiotics frequently?

<p>They fear the development of bacterial resistance. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the process that allows a bacterium to become resistant to antibiotics?

<p>Accidental mutations in DNA. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens to normal bacteria when exposed to antibiotics?

<p>Resistant bacteria survive and multiply. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do inactivated vaccines stimulate an immune response?

<p>By using killed versions of the pathogens. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why is the synthesis of a strong bacterial cell wall important for antibiotics to work effectively?

<p>It maintains the structural integrity of bacteria. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What contributes to antibiotic resistance due to bacterial reproduction?

<p>Fast reproduction can result in accidental mutations. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What resulted from the discovery of penicillin in 1929?

<p>The development of both natural and chemical antibiotics. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Lens focusing on a nearby object

The lens becomes more convex (thicker) to focus on a nearby object.

Lens focusing on a distant object

The lens becomes less convex (thinner) to focus on a distant object.

What is the blind spot?

The part of the retina where light-sensitive cells are absent, resulting in a blind spot.

What is the fovea?

The part of the retina with the highest concentration of light-sensitive cells, providing the sharpest image.

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What is the choroid?

The black layer behind the retina that absorbs light not absorbed by the retina, preventing light from passing through twice.

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Vasoconstriction

The constriction of arterioles, reducing blood flow to the skin surface and decreasing heat loss by radiation.

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Vasodilation

The relaxation of muscles in arterioles, increasing blood flow to the skin surface and increasing heat loss by radiation.

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What is the hypothalamus's role in thermoregulation?

The part of the brain that detects changes in blood temperature and triggers responses to regulate body temperature.

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Arteries

Blood vessels that carry blood away from the heart, typically carrying oxygenated blood (except in the pulmonary arteries) to the rest of the body.

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Capillaries

Blood vessels with very thin walls that allow for the exchange of materials (oxygen, nutrients, waste) between blood and body tissues.

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Veins

Blood vessels that carry blood back to the heart, typically carrying deoxygenated blood (except in the pulmonary vein).

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Elastic recoil

The ability of arteries to stretch and recoil, helping to maintain blood pressure and propel blood throughout the body.

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Blood pressure

The pressure of blood inside the blood vessels, often highest in the arteries.

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Ventricular contraction

Contraction of the heart's ventricles forces blood into the arteries, creating high pressure.

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Skeletal muscle contraction

The movement of blood through the veins is aided by the contraction of skeletal muscles, which squeeze the veins and push blood towards the heart.

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Vein valves

Valves in veins prevent the backflow of blood due to low pressure, ensuring efficient blood return to the heart.

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Haemoglobin

A red blood cell protein that binds to and transports oxygen. When oxygen binds to haemoglobin, it forms oxyhaemoglobin.

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Why are red blood cells thin?

The thin outer layer of a red blood cell allows oxygen to diffuse in and out quickly, maximizing the rate of oxygen transport.

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Lymphocytes

White blood cells that produce antibodies, which are proteins that target and destroy specific pathogens.

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Phagocytes

White blood cells that engulf and digest bacteria, effectively removing them from the body.

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Plasma

The watery fluid that transports cells, nutrients, waste products, and other dissolved substances throughout the body.

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Platelets

Small, cell fragments involved in blood clotting. They form a web of threads to seal wounds and prevent excessive blood loss.

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Tissue fluid re-entry

The movement of excess fluid from tissue spaces back into the bloodstream.

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Receptors

Specialized cells that detect changes in the environment and convert these changes into electrical signals. They are located in sense organs.

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Effectors

Cells that receive instructions from the nervous system and execute actions. They are found in glands and muscles.

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Central Nervous System (CNS)

Consists of the brain and spinal cord, responsible for processing information and coordinating responses.

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Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)

Consists of nerves that extend from the CNS to the rest of the body. It carries signals to and from the CNS.

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Sensory neurons

Nerves that carry electrical impulses from receptors to the CNS.

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Motor neurons

Nerves that carry electrical impulses from the CNS to effectors.

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Tissue fluid

Fluid that leaks from capillaries into the spaces between cells. It contains dissolved nutrients and waste products.

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Live attenuated vaccine

This type of vaccine contains a weakened form of the pathogen. The pathogen is modified so it can't cause disease, but still activates the immune system.

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What are antigens?

Proteins on the surface of pathogens that lymphocytes can detect and bind to.

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What are antibodies?

Y-shaped proteins produced by lymphocytes that bind to specific antigens on pathogens.

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Inactivated vaccine

This type of vaccine uses a killed version of the pathogen that causes a disease. The killed pathogen stimulates the production of antibodies without causing infection.

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What is clonal selection?

The process where lymphocytes recognize antigens and start rapidly dividing, creating clones of themselves.

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Antibiotic Resistance

A process where bacteria evolve resistance to antibiotics, becoming ineffective in treating infections.

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How antibiotics work

Antibiotics work by preventing the synthesis of a strong bacterial cell wall.

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What are plasma cells?

Lymphocytes that produce antibodies.

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What are memory cells?

Lymphocytes that remember past infections, allowing for a faster immune response against the same pathogen.

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Water potential in bacterial environments

Bacteria live in environments with higher water potential than their cytoplasm.

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Bacterial reproduction and mutations

Bacteria reproduce very quickly, making mutations more likely. These mutations can make them resistant to antibiotics.

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What is the secondary immune response?

The immune response to a second exposure to the same pathogen, characterized by faster and stronger antibody production.

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Multiplication of resistant bacteria

A resistant bacterium, unaffected by antibiotics, can multiply, creating a population of resistant bacteria.

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What is phagocytosis?

The process where phagocytes engulf and destroy pathogens.

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What is vaccination?

A method of providing artificial immunity without contracting the disease naturally.

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Complete bacterial resistance

Antibiotics become useless when the entire bacterial population becomes resistant.

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Study Notes

Topic 1: Movement into and out of Cells

  • Diffusion is the net movement of particles from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration.
  • Diffusion occurs in solids, liquids, and gases.
  • The rate of diffusion is affected by:
    • Temperature: Higher temperatures increase kinetic energy, leading to faster movement and a higher rate of diffusion.
    • Distance: Longer distances increase the time taken for particles to move, decreasing the rate of diffusion.
    • Surface area: Larger surface areas increase the number of particles that can move at once, increasing the rate of diffusion.
    • Concentration gradient: A larger difference in concentration between two areas produces a steeper concentration gradient, increasing the rate of diffusion.

Topic 2: Gas Exchange

  • The thorax is the space enclosed by the ribcage and the diaphragm.
  • The lungs are enclosed in the thorax, and the actions of the diaphragm and rib cage muscles help move air in and out of the lungs.
  • Gas exchange occurs in the alveoli, which are microscopic air sacs in the lungs where gases diffuse into and out of the blood.
  • The pleural membrane encloses the lungs.
  • Pleural fluid lubricates the lungs, preventing them from sticking to the ribs when breathing.

Topic 3: The Variety of Living Organisms

  • Protoctists are microscopic, single-celled organisms. Some have features like animal cells, and some have chloroplasts and are plant-like.
  • Bacteria are single-celled organisms that lack a nucleus but contain circular DNA and plasmids.
  • Viruses are not living organisms, but rather parasitic particles that need a host cell to replicate.
  • Plants are multicellular organisms with chloroplasts for photosynthesis, cell walls made of cellulose, and they store carbohydrates as starch or sucrose.

Topic 4: Transport in Humans

  • The circulatory system helps move oxygen and nutrients around the body.
  • The heart is a pump that drives blood flow throughout the body via the arteries, capillaries, and veins.
  • The surface area to volume ratio is important for efficient diffusion. Small organisms can rely on diffusion, but larger organisms require a transport system.
  • Human blood contains blood cells (red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets), plasma (the liquid part of the blood), and oxygenated/deoxygenated blood that is circulated.

Topic 5: Coordination and Response

  • Receptors detect stimuli.
  • Neurons transmit electrical impulses to relay signals in the body.
  • Synapses are gaps between neurons. Neurotransmitters carry signals across the synapse.
  • Reflex actions are fast, involuntary responses to stimuli that do not involve conscious thought.

Topic 7: Immunology

  • Pathogens are microorganisms that cause disease.
  • Phagocytosis is a non-specific immune response where phagocytes engulf and destroy pathogens using enzymes.
  • Lymphocytes are specific immune cells that produce antibodies to target specific pathogens.
  • Antibodies are proteins that attach to antigens on pathogens, making them easier to destroy.
  • Vaccinations provide artificial immunity by introducing a weakened or killed pathogen to stimulate the production of antibodies.

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Test your knowledge on the movement of particles into and out of cells, focusing on diffusion principles and factors affecting it. Also, explore the gas exchange process in the thorax and lungs. Challenge yourself with this comprehensive biology quiz!

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