Biology Movement and Gas Exchange Quiz

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Questions and Answers

What is the primary consequence if excess tissue fluid is not removed from the tissues?

Swelling of the tissues. (correct)

Formation of blood clots.

Increased glucose concentration in the blood.

Decreased oxygen supply to the cells.

What is the role of lymph nodes in the lymphatic system?

To filter harmful substances and microorganisms from the lymph fluid. (correct)

To secrete digestive enzymes.

To produce red blood cells.

To regulate blood pressure.

Where does the lymph fluid re-enter the bloodstream after being filtered by the lymph nodes?

The hepatic portal vein.

The renal artery.

The pulmonary artery.

The subclavian veins. (correct)

Which of the following best describes the function of receptors?

To detect stimuli and stimulate electrical impulses Signup and view all the answers

What are the two main components of the human nervous system?

Central and peripheral nervous systems Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of sensory nerves in the peripheral nervous system?

To transmit electrical impulses from sense organs to the CNS. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following describes the role of motor nerves?

Carrying electrical impulses from the CNS to effectors. Signup and view all the answers

What is the initial step in a sensory neuron's response to a stimulus?

Detection of the stimulus by a receptor and conversion into electrical impulses. Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of antibodies when they bind to pathogens?

To cause pathogens to clump together, making them easier for phagocytes to ingest Signup and view all the answers

Which type of cell is responsible for producing large quantities of antibodies after a lymphocyte recognizes a pathogen's antigen?

Plasma Cells Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of memory cells in the immune response?

To rapidly produce antibodies upon subsequent exposure to the same pathogen Signup and view all the answers

What is the name of the process when a phagocyte ingests a pathogen?

Phagocytosis Signup and view all the answers

How does the secondary immune response differ from the primary immune response?

The secondary immune response produces antibodies faster and in greater quantity. Signup and view all the answers

What is the specific name given to the proteins found on the surface of pathogens that lymphocytes can detect?

Antigens Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes the shape of an antibody molecule?

Y-shaped Signup and view all the answers

What is the direct result of antibodies attaching to pathogens?

The pathogens clump together, facilitating phagocytosis. Signup and view all the answers

What structural feature of capillaries facilitates efficient exchange of materials?

Very thin, permeable walls composed of a single cell layer Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes the role of elastic recoil in arteries?

To maintain blood pressure by pushing blood forward after ventricular contraction Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary mechanism by which blood is propelled through veins back to the heart?

The squeezing action of surrounding skeletal muscles Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a key difference between arteries and veins?

Arteries carry blood away from the heart, while veins carry blood toward the heart. Signup and view all the answers

In which type of blood vessel is blood pressure the lowest?

Veins Signup and view all the answers

Which characteristic is NOT associated with arteries?

Wide lumen to reduce resistance Signup and view all the answers

What is the composition of vein walls?

Thin walls mainly comprised of collagen Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following are true about arteries? (Select all that apply)

Walls stretch due to ventricles contracting, allowing blood to enter Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of lymphocytes found in blood?

To produce antibodies Signup and view all the answers

Which adaptation of red blood cells increases the rate of oxygen diffusion?

A thin cell surface membrane Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is not a component transported by blood plasma?

Fibrin Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary role of platelets in blood?

Facilitating blood clotting Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following characteristics differentiates arteries from veins?

Thicker walls and more elastic fibres Signup and view all the answers

Why is blood clotting so important for humans?

It prevents microorganisms entering and minimises blood loss Signup and view all the answers

In the context of blood vessels, what is the role of capillaries?

To allow the exchange of materials between blood and tissues Signup and view all the answers

Which feature is present in veins and prevents the backflow of blood?

Valves Signup and view all the answers

What happens to the lens and suspensory ligaments when focusing on a distant object?

The lens becomes less convex, and the suspensory ligaments become taut. Signup and view all the answers

Which part of the retina is responsible for the sharpest vision?

Fovea Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the choroid layer in the eye?

To absorb light that passes through the retina. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT directly involved in thermoregulation?

Hair follicle Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the hair erector muscle?

To contract and cause the hair to stand up. Signup and view all the answers

What physiological response occurs when the body detects a decrease in core body temperature?

Vasoconstriction in the skin Signup and view all the answers

Which part of the body detects changes in blood temperature to maintain core body temperature?

Hypothalamus Signup and view all the answers

What is the immediate effect of vasodilation on blood flow and heat loss in the skin?

Increased blood flow, increased heat loss Signup and view all the answers

What is the main characteristic of live attenuated vaccines?

They contain a weakened form of the pathogen. Signup and view all the answers

Why are doctors hesitant to prescribe antibiotics frequently?

They fear the development of bacterial resistance. Signup and view all the answers

What is the process that allows a bacterium to become resistant to antibiotics?

Accidental mutations in DNA. Signup and view all the answers

What happens to normal bacteria when exposed to antibiotics?

Resistant bacteria survive and multiply. Signup and view all the answers

How do inactivated vaccines stimulate an immune response?

By using killed versions of the pathogens. Signup and view all the answers

Why is the synthesis of a strong bacterial cell wall important for antibiotics to work effectively?

It maintains the structural integrity of bacteria. Signup and view all the answers

What contributes to antibiotic resistance due to bacterial reproduction?

Fast reproduction can result in accidental mutations. Signup and view all the answers

What resulted from the discovery of penicillin in 1929?

The development of both natural and chemical antibiotics. Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Topic 1: Movement into and out of Cells

Diffusion is the net movement of particles from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration.
Diffusion occurs in solids, liquids, and gases.
The rate of diffusion is affected by:
- Temperature: Higher temperatures increase kinetic energy, leading to faster movement and a higher rate of diffusion.
- Distance: Longer distances increase the time taken for particles to move, decreasing the rate of diffusion.
- Surface area: Larger surface areas increase the number of particles that can move at once, increasing the rate of diffusion.
- Concentration gradient: A larger difference in concentration between two areas produces a steeper concentration gradient, increasing the rate of diffusion.

Topic 2: Gas Exchange

The thorax is the space enclosed by the ribcage and the diaphragm.
The lungs are enclosed in the thorax, and the actions of the diaphragm and rib cage muscles help move air in and out of the lungs.
Gas exchange occurs in the alveoli, which are microscopic air sacs in the lungs where gases diffuse into and out of the blood.
The pleural membrane encloses the lungs.
Pleural fluid lubricates the lungs, preventing them from sticking to the ribs when breathing.

Topic 3: The Variety of Living Organisms

Protoctists are microscopic, single-celled organisms. Some have features like animal cells, and some have chloroplasts and are plant-like.
Bacteria are single-celled organisms that lack a nucleus but contain circular DNA and plasmids.
Viruses are not living organisms, but rather parasitic particles that need a host cell to replicate.
Plants are multicellular organisms with chloroplasts for photosynthesis, cell walls made of cellulose, and they store carbohydrates as starch or sucrose.

Topic 4: Transport in Humans

The circulatory system helps move oxygen and nutrients around the body.
The heart is a pump that drives blood flow throughout the body via the arteries, capillaries, and veins.
The surface area to volume ratio is important for efficient diffusion. Small organisms can rely on diffusion, but larger organisms require a transport system.
Human blood contains blood cells (red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets), plasma (the liquid part of the blood), and oxygenated/deoxygenated blood that is circulated.

Topic 5: Coordination and Response

Receptors detect stimuli.
Neurons transmit electrical impulses to relay signals in the body.
Synapses are gaps between neurons. Neurotransmitters carry signals across the synapse.
Reflex actions are fast, involuntary responses to stimuli that do not involve conscious thought.

Topic 7: Immunology

Pathogens are microorganisms that cause disease.
Phagocytosis is a non-specific immune response where phagocytes engulf and destroy pathogens using enzymes.
Lymphocytes are specific immune cells that produce antibodies to target specific pathogens.
Antibodies are proteins that attach to antigens on pathogens, making them easier to destroy.
Vaccinations provide artificial immunity by introducing a weakened or killed pathogen to stimulate the production of antibodies.

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Description

Test your knowledge on the movement of particles into and out of cells, focusing on diffusion principles and factors affecting it. Also, explore the gas exchange process in the thorax and lungs. Challenge yourself with this comprehensive biology quiz!