Biology: Moths and Evolution Concepts
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Questions and Answers

What defines the Biological Species Concept?

  • Populations that can be artificially bred in captivity.
  • A group of interbreeding natural populations that are reproductively isolated from other such groups. (correct)
  • Species that occupy the same geographic area but do not interact.
  • Any groups of organisms that are genetically similar regardless of breeding.

    • Which mechanism is likely to prevent zygote formation in closely related species?

  • Post-zygotic isolation
  • Temporal isolation (correct)
  • Allopatric isolation
  • Hybrid sterility

    • What is the main outcome of post-zygotic isolation mechanisms?

  • They prevent the mating of individuals from different species.
  • They evolve reproductive behavior differences.
  • They affect the development or reproductive capabilities of hybrid offspring. (correct)
  • They change the geographic distribution of species.

    • What is the process called where a geographic barrier divides a population?

    <p>Allopatric speciation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which pair exemplifies hybrid sterility in animals?

    <p>Male horse and female donkey resulting in a mule.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which pre-zygotic isolating mechanism involves differences in mating behaviors?

    <p>Behavioral isolation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the term 'hybrid inviability' refer to?

    <p>Hybrid offspring are unable to survive to adulthood.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of isolation occurs when two species breed in different habitats?

    <p>Geographic isolation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of trees do Hickory Horned Devil caterpillars primarily feed on?

    <p>Hickory, Walnut, and Pecan trees</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What significant change occurs during the final instar of the Hickory Horned Devil caterpillar?

    <p>It burrows into the ground to pupate</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How long does the adult Regal Moth typically live?

    <p>One to two weeks</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Microevolution is defined as which of the following?

    <p>Generation-to-generation changes in allele frequencies</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary focus of macroevolution?

    <p>Major changes, including the formation of new species</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What phenomenon is responsible for the multiplication of species?

    <p>Branching evolution</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which characteristic describes the Hickory Horned Devil caterpillar?

    <p>It is the largest caterpillar in North America</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where is the Hickory Horned Devil caterpillar commonly found?

    <p>Across much of eastern US</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What defines the process of allopatric speciation?

    <p>It arises from the separation of populations by geographic barriers.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is an example of sympatric speciation?

    <p>A plant species developing an extra set of chromosomes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is polyploidy?

    <p>An increase in the number of chromosomes leading to reproductive isolation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do geographic islands contribute to speciation?

    <p>Islands foster genetic isolation and adaptive changes in species.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What typically causes genetic isolation in populations?

    <p>The evolution of reproductive barriers following a population split.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement about punctuated equilibrium is true?

    <p>It indicates rapid bursts of speciation followed by long periods of stability.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which species exemplifies the phenomenon of polyploidy?

    <p>Gray treefrog.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common result of speciation processes?

    <p>The formation of distinct species with reproductive barriers.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is speciation by genetic isolation not guaranteed?

    <p>The isolated populations might still interbreed.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following scenarios exemplifies allopatric speciation?

    <p>A colony of birds being split by a mountain range.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is paedomorphosis?

    <p>The retention of juvenile features in adults of a species</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What impact did genetic changes have on human evolution regarding the jaw?

    <p>They slowed the growth of the jaw relative to the skull</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do feathers contribute to bird flight?

    <p>They produce lift, smooth airflow, and assist in steering</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What phenomenon led to the loss of hind limbs in whales?

    <p>Slower growth rates of leg and pelvic bones</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What structural change occurred in human evolution related to the skull?

    <p>The brain grew for longer periods during development</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following does NOT describe a consequence of paedomorphosis?

    <p>Development of adult traits before juvenile traits</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a primary reason for the intricate evolution of structures in species?

    <p>Environmental adaptability and survival</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which factor primarily influenced the evolution of larger brain cases in humans?

    <p>Longer juvenile growth periods</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the concept of gradualism imply about species evolution?

    <p>Species evolve continuously over an extremely long period.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which classification level comes immediately after 'Domain' in the taxonomic hierarchy?

    <p>Kingdom</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What characterized the Cambrian Explosion approximately 540 million years ago?

    <p>Most modern animal phyla evolved.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes binomial nomenclature?

    <p>A two-part scientific name that includes both genus and species, both italicized.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which organisms are classified based on shared homologous structures?

    <p>Organisms that share a common ancestor and have evolved distinct features.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of the first eukaryotes appearing around 2.2 billion years ago?

    <p>They marked the beginning of complex life forms.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What event is associated with the separation of land masses into a supercontinent called Pangea?

    <p>Continental drift.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Approximately how many years ago did the first vertebrates evolve?

    <p>430 MYA</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does biogeography study?

    <p>Distribution patterns of species across geographical locations.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What phenomenon occurred when Pangea broke up during the mid-Mesozoic era?

    <p>Species were isolated and forced to adapt to new conditions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why are most marsupials found uniquely in Australia?

    <p>Australia was isolated by surrounding oceans for a long time.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following allowed for a significant accumulation of oxygen in Earth's atmosphere around 2.7 billion years ago?

    <p>The evolution of photosynthetic prokaryotes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What major evolutionary change happened around 65 million years ago?

    <p>The extinction of dinosaurs.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Hickory Horned Devil

    • The Hickory Horned Devil is the caterpillar phase of the Regal Moth (Citheronia regalis)
    • It is found in eastern US
    • The caterpillars feed on pecan, walnut, and hickory tree leaves
    • Adults do not eat
    • Moths lay their eggs on leaves of trees
    • Caterpillars molt four times before burrowing into the ground to pupate over winter
    • They metamorphose into the Regal Moth, which lives for one or two weeks

    Microevolution and Macroevolution

    • Microevolution is the generation-to-generation change in populations' allele frequencies
    • Macroevolution is the study of major biological changes, including the formation of new species

    Biological Species Concept

    • Branching evolution leads to species diversification
    • Groups of interbreeding natural populations reproductively isolated from others are considered species
    • Isolating mechanisms prevent interbreeding and lead to speciation

    Pre-Zygotic Isolating Mechanisms

    • These mechanisms prevent the formation of a zygote
    • Examples include temporal isolation, geographic isolation, behavioral isolation, mechanical isolation, and gametic isolation

    Post-Zygotic Isolation

    • These mechanisms prevent hybrid offspring from developing or reproducing
    • Examples include hybrid inviability and hybrid sterility

    Allopatric Speciation

    • Geographic barriers divide a population, preventing gene flow
    • The Grand Canyon is a prime example, separating species of squirrels
    • Storms can also result in allopatric speciation, as seen with individuals blown off a mainland onto an island

    Sympatric Speciation

    • New species arise without geographical isolation
    • It is not common among animals, but fairly common among plants
    • Genetic mutations, particularly polyploidy, are often the cause
    • Polyploidy can lead to an individual being reproductively incompatible with the parent species

    Polyploidy

    • Extra sets of chromosomes can occur due to accidents during cell division
    • Examples of polyploid species: gray treefrog and Chinese hibiscus

    Tempo of Speciation

    • Gradualism and Punctuated Equilibrium are two concepts associated with the tempo of speciation
    • Gradualism assumes slow, continuous changes occur over long periods
    • Punctuated Equilibrium proposes that evolution occurs in bursts followed by long periods of stability, making it a closer fit to the actual process of evolution

    Taxonomy

    • Classification system developed by Carolus Linnaeus in the 1700s
    • Uses binomial nomenclature: two-part scientific name for each species
    • Genus name is always capitalized and followed by the specific epithet, both written in italics

    Hierarchical Classification System

    • Taxonomy uses a hierarchical system to organize organisms
    • From most inclusive to least inclusive:
      • Domain
      • Kingdom
      • Phylum
      • Class
      • Order
      • Family
      • Genus
      • Species

    Classification Criteria

    • Organisms are classified based on their characteristics, particularly homologous structures
    • The more homologous characters shared between species, the more closely related they are

    The Geological Time Scale

    • Earth formed ~4.6 billion years ago (BYA)
    • First prokaryotes emerged ~3.5 BYA
    • Oxygen began accumulating ~2.7 BYA
    • Oldest eukaryotes ~2.2 BYA
    • Oldest animal fossils ~700 MYA
    • Invertebrates diversified and algae diversified ~600 MYA

    The Cambrian Explosion

    • A period of rapid diversification, most modern animal phyla evolved ~540 MYA
    • True plants originated ~500 MYA

    Plate Tectonics and Biogeography

    • The Earth's crust is divided into plates that move over the mantle
    • Plate movement leads to geological activity, including volcanoes, mountain uplift, and earthquakes
    • All landmasses formed a supercontinent called Pangea ~250 million years ago
    • Plate movement influences the distribution of species over time

    Biogeography

    • Biogeography studies the distribution of organisms across time
    • The formation of Pangea and its subsequent breakup have dramatically impacted species distribution
    • Madagascar is an example of how isolation can lead to unique species diversification, with more than 50 species of lemurs evolving from a common ancestor
    • Australia's isolation led to the dominance of marsupials, which are almost absent elsewhere

    Continental Drift and Marsupials

    • Australia's separation from other landmasses led to the unique diversity of marsupials
    • Most of the world is dominated by placental mammals, making the dominance of marsupials in Australia an anomaly.

    Paedomorphosis

    • The retention of juvenile features in an adult organism compared to ancestral species.
    • Observed in axolotl salamanders and humans.
    • Human evolution involved genetic changes that slowed jaw growth relative to other skull parts.
    • This resulted in an adult with childlike head proportions, larger brain case, and bigger brain due to delayed brain growth compared to chimpanzees.

    Structure and Function

    • The shapes and arrangements of feathers in birds create lift, smooth airflow, and aid in steering and balance, demonstrating the adaptation of old structures for new functions.

    Evolution of Complex Structures

    • Over 30 different species of feathered dinosaurs have been discovered through fossil records.

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    Bio 1101 Lecture 14- How Biological Diversity Evolves PDF

    Description

    Explore the fascinating life cycle of the Hickory Horned Devil and delve into the principles of microevolution and macroevolution. Understand how the Biological Species Concept and pre-zygotic isolating mechanisms contribute to species diversification and speciation. Test your knowledge of these essential biological concepts.

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