Biology Monosaccharides and Lipids Quiz

Two or more polypeptide chains bonded together. Example: Hemoglobin.

Specialized protein molecules that speed up chemical reactions in cells.

Enzymes are biological catalysts, meaning they speed up reactions without being changed themselves.

The protein part of an enzyme molecule.

The non-protein component of an enzyme molecule. Often vitamins or minerals.

The specific site on an enzyme molecule where the substrate binds.

The molecule that an enzyme reacts with.

The model explaining enzyme function: the enzyme and substrate fit together like a lock and key.

Carbohydrates are a class of biological molecules composed of carbon, hydrogen and oxygen, occurring in a 1:2:1 ratio (CH2O).

Monosaccharides are the simplest form of carbohydrates, also known as simple sugars. They cannot be broken down further. Glucose, fructose and galactose are examples.

Glucose is a vital monosaccharide, serving as the primary source of energy for cells. It is transported through the bloodstream and often referred to as 'blood sugar.'

Fructose is a monosaccharide found in fruits and honey, known for its sweetness. It can play a role in energy production in the absence of glucose.

Disaccharides are carbohydrates composed of TWO simple sugars (monosaccharides) linked together.

Polysaccharides are complex carbohydrates made up of many monosaccharide units linked in long chains. They are essential for structural support and energy storage.

Isomers are molecules with the same chemical formula but different arrangements of atoms, leading to varying properties.

ATP (adenosine triphosphate) is a molecule that provides energy for cellular processes. It's produced from glucose via oxidation.

A branched-chain amino acid essential for protein synthesis, muscle repair, regulating blood sugar, stimulating wound healing, and producing growth hormones.

A branched-chain amino acid crucial for muscle metabolism, concentrated in muscle tissue, and important for immune function, hemoglobin production, and energy regulation.

An essential amino acid playing major roles in protein synthesis, hormone and enzyme production, calcium absorption, energy production, immune function, and collagen and elastin production.

An amino acid used to produce histamine, a neurotransmitter vital for immune response, digestion, sexual function, and sleep-wake cycles. It's also crucial for maintaining the myelin sheath, a protective barrier around nerve cells.

Amino acids the body can manufacture from carbohydrates and nitrogen. They are not essential in the diet.

A series of amino acids linked together in a chain. They are the building blocks of proteins and have a wide variety of functions in the body.

The sequence of amino acids in a single chain. It is the simplest level of protein structure.

The twisted spiral shape of a polypeptide chain, often seen in fibrous proteins like hair and nails.

Vitamins are essential organic compounds that the body cannot synthesize in sufficient amounts and must obtain through diet.

Water-soluble vitamins, with the exception of folate and cobalamin, are not stored by the body for extended periods and require continuous intake.

A balanced diet typically provides enough vitamins for the body's needs.

The average human body contains 50-70% water, with females having slightly less than males.

The distribution of water in the body is constantly changing, and osmotic forces play a key role in regulating its distribution.

Intracellular fluid (inside cells) accounts for 50% of the body's water, while extracellular fluid (outside cells) comprises 20%.

Macrominerals are essential minerals required in larger quantities by the body, whereas microminerals are required in smaller amounts.

Minerals are inorganic constituents of the body that play crucial roles in various vital processes despite their small amounts.

Small molecules that regulate various cellular activities, including protein production and cell migration. They're commonly found in areas like the lungs and joints, contributing to lubrication.

Lipids with a hydrophobic tail and one or more hydrophilic sugar groups linked by a glycosidic bond. They are located on the outer leaflet of cellular membranes, contributing to membrane stability and facilitating cell communication.

A combination of lipids and proteins, acting as transporters for hydrophobic lipids in watery environments, such as blood plasma. They have a phospholipid and cholesterol outer shell that allows for lipid transport in watery fluids.

Lipids containing only carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen. This group includes steroid hormones (like estrogen and testosterone), vitamin D, cholesterol, and fat-soluble vitamins A, E, and K.

Lipids primarily provide energy storage, acting as a fuel source. They also play structural roles in cell membranes and participate in cellular processes like signal transduction and vitamin absorption.

The primary energy storage form of lipids, found in fat cells (adipocytes).

Lipids that serve as structural components of cell membranes, contributing to their fluidity and permeability.

Steroid hormones act as chemical messengers, regulating various physiological processes within the body. They are produced and released by different glands, traveling through the blood to their target cells.

Phosphorus is a key component found in the mineral phase of bones, making up 85% of the total phosphorus in the body. The remaining 15% is found mainly in soft tissues like muscles.

Phosphorus plays a crucial role in the formation of various essential molecules, including phospholipids, which are vital for cell membranes, and phosphoproteins, which have various functions in the body.

Phosphorus is fundamental in the formation of nucleic acids like DNA and RNA, which are essential for transmitting genetic information and protein synthesis.

Phosphorus is vital for the formation of ATP, the energy currency of cells. It forms organic phosphates, which act as intermediates in various metabolic processes.

Sodium, potassium, and phosphate ions contribute to buffering the cell, helping to maintain a stable internal environment.

Phosphorus is a key component of coenzymes like TPP and NADP, which are essential for various enzymatic reactions in the body.

Phosphorus contributes to the formation of phosphoproteins, such as casein, which is a major protein found in milk.

The excretory pathway of phosphorus primarily involves the kidneys, with urinary excretion typically matching dietary phosphate intake. The daily loss varies but is usually around 600-800 mg.