Biology Monosaccharides and Lipids Quiz
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Questions and Answers

What are the three main types of monosaccharides?

  • Glucose, Maltose, Sucrose
  • Sucrose, Lactose, Maltose
  • Glucose, Fructose, Galactose (correct)
  • Starch, Cellulose, Glycogen

    • Monosaccharides are also known as complex sugars.

    False (B)

    What is the chemical formula for glucose, fructose, and galactose?

    C6H12O6

    Glucose is also known as ______ or grape sugar.

    <p>dextrose</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of these statements about glucose is NOT accurate?

    <p>It is synthesized in the liver from fructose. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following terms with their descriptions:

    <p>Monosaccharides = Simple sugars that cannot be broken down further Isomers = Compounds with the same formula but different structures Glucose = The main source of energy in cells Fructose = The sweetest monosaccharide found in fruits and honey ATP = High-energy molecule providing energy for cellular activities</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Fructose can be used as an energy source even in the absence of glucose.

    <p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the process called where glucose combines with oxygen in cells to produce energy?

    <p>Oxidation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of lipoproteins?

    <p>To transport hydrophobic lipids in water (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Glycolipids are found only in the plasma membrane.

    <p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main structural difference between glycolipids and phospholipids?

    <p>Glycolipids have one or more sugar groups, while phospholipids have a phosphate group.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Chemokines are small molecules that regulate ______ and ______ within cells.

    <p>protein production, cell migration</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following lipids with their primary function:

    <p>Glycolipids = Cell-cell communication, membrane stability Lipoproteins = Lipid transport in blood and other fluids Triglycerides = Energy storage Steroid hormones = Intercellular messengers</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following are fat-soluble vitamins?

    <p>Vitamin K (A), Vitamin D (B), Vitamin E (E), Vitamin A (F)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Lipids provide the same amount of energy per gram as carbohydrates.

    <p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of lipids in providing shock absorption and insulation?

    <p>Lipids can cushion organs and protect them from impact, and they can also help maintain body temperature by reducing heat loss.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What percentage of phosphorus is found in muscle and other soft tissues?

    <p>15% (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Phosphorus is only found in the inorganic mineral phase of bone.

    <p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Name two macromolecules that contain phosphorus.

    <p>Phospholipids and nucleic acids</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Phosphorus is essential for the formation of ____________ and teeth.

    <p>bone</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the usual daily urinary excretion of phosphorus?

    <p>600-800 mg (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of enzymes in cells?

    <p>To affect the rate of chemical reactions (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Renal phosphate clearance is vital for homeostasis.

    <p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Enzymes can only be used once and are not reusable.

    <p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the non-protein component of an enzyme called?

    <p>coenzyme</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to serum calcium levels when there is excessive ingestion of phosphate?

    <p>Serum calcium levels decrease</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following terms with their correct descriptions:

    <p>ATP = Energy currency of the cell Phosphoprotein = Proteins that contain phosphate Glycolysis = Metabolic pathway that converts glucose Casein = A type of phosphoprotein found in milk</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The specific place on an enzyme where a substrate binds is known as the ______.

    <p>active site</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes the 'lock-and-key' model of enzyme function?

    <p>Only specific substrates can fit into the active site of enzymes. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Hemoglobin is an example of a protein that has a ______ structure.

    <p>quaternary</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following components with their functions:

    <p>Apoenzyme = Protein part of an enzyme Coenzyme = Non-protein part of an enzyme Active site = Binding site for substrates Substrate = Molecule that reacts with an enzyme</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Name two minerals that serve as coenzymes.

    <p>calcium, iron, magnesium, copper</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following vitamins can the human body synthesize in sufficient amounts?

    <p>Vitamin D (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Water makes up 20% of the average body weight in humans.

    <p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the two classifications of vitamins?

    <p>fat-soluble and water-soluble</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The water content of intracellular fluid is _____ of total body weight.

    <p>50%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is not a reason for vitamin deficiencies?

    <p>Excessive exercise (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following fluids with their respective percentages of body weight:

    <p>Intracellular fluid = 50% Extracellular fluid = 20%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The body can store all water-soluble vitamins for long periods of time.

    <p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What factors mainly influence the distribution of water in the body?

    <p>Osmotic forces</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main role of leucine in the body?

    <p>Regulation of blood sugar levels (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Isoleucine is primarily involved in the production of collagen and elastin.

    <p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are nonessential amino acids?

    <p>Amino acids that the body can manufacture on its own.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The protective barrier that surrounds nerve cells is called the ______.

    <p>myelin sheath</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the essential amino acids with their functions:

    <p>Lysine = Protein synthesis and calcium absorption Histidine = Production of histamine and immune response Leucine = Muscle repair and blood sugar regulation Isoleucine = Muscle metabolism and energy regulation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following amino acids is NOT classified as essential?

    <p>Glutamine (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Proteins have only one structure known as tertiary structure.

    <p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a polypeptide?

    <p>A series of amino acids linked together.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Biochemistry and Nutrition (RNB11903)

    • The course covers the principles of nutrition in health promotion.
    • Subtopics include: Nutrition in nursing, Carbohydrate, Proteins, Lipids, Vitamins, Water and Minerals, Energy balance, Guidelines for healthy eating, Consumer issues, Cultural and religious influences on food and nutrition, Healthy eating for healthy babies, Nutrition for infants, children, and adolescents, and Nutrition for older adults.

    Carbohydrate

    • Carbohydrates are composed of carbon (C), hydrogen (H), and oxygen (O).
    • The ratio of these elements is 1:2:1 (CH₂O).
    • Carbohydrates serve as biological fuels, providing energy as ATP, and as structural units within cells.
    • Their structure is a hydrocarbon chain with attached hydroxyl groups.
    • Carbohydrates are classified into three groups: monosaccharides, disaccharides, and polysaccharides.

    Monosaccharides

    • Monosaccharides are sugars found in nature, also known as single or simple sugars.
    • Glucose, fructose, and galactose are examples of monosaccharides.
    • They are isomers of each other. This means they have the same chemical formula but different structures.
    • Glucose is a crucial energy source in cells, often referred to as blood sugar.
    • Fructose is a sweeter monosaccharide compared to glucose and is involved in energy-releasing reactions when glucose is absent.
    • Galactose is synthesized from glucose and is important for healthy development. It's used in making lactose (in breast milk), glycolipids, and glycoproteins.

    Disaccharides

    • Disaccharides are formed by the linkage of two monosaccharides.
    • Common disaccharides include sucrose (glu + fru), lactose (glu + galac), and maltose (glu + glu).
    • Sucrose is a common sugar used in food.
    • Lactose is found in milk.
    • Maltose is found in grains, cereals, pasta, and potatoes.

    Polysaccharides

    • Polysaccharides are large molecules made up of many smaller monosaccharides.
    • Common polysaccharides include starch, cellulose, and glycogen.
    • Starch is an energy source obtained from plants,
    • Cellulose is a structural polysaccharide in plants acting as dietary fiber.
    • Glycogen is a storage form of glucose in the human liver and muscles.

    Proteins

    • Proteins are organic compounds containing carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, and sometimes phosphorus and sulfur.

    • They are among the most diverse and essential organic compounds, present in all parts of living cells.

    • Proteins in the human body perform many functions, including roles in the immune system, muscles, blood, structural components, and signaling.

    • Proteins are categorized as essential or nonessential amino acids.

    Amino Acids

    • Proteins are made up of amino acids.
    • There are twenty-two different amino acids that can be combined in any number and sequence to make up various kinds of proteins.
    • Amino acids are categorized as essential or nonessential.
    • Essential amino acids must be obtained from the diet, as the body cannot produce them.
    • Nonessential amino acids can be synthesized by the body.
    • Key essential amino acids include: histidine, isoleucine, leucine, lysine, methionine, phenylalanine, threonine, tryptophan, and valine.
    • Several nonessential amino acids include: alanine, arginine, asparagine, aspartic acid, cysteine, glutamic acid, glutamine, glycine, proline, and serine.

    Enzymes

    • Enzymes are specialized proteins serving as organic catalysts.
    • They accelerate chemical reactions without being changed themselves.
    • They function through an active site where the substrate fits.
    • Enzyme molecules are highly specific to their respective substrates.
    • Enzymes are made of apoenzyme (protein part) and coenzyme (non-protein part) or inorganic ions.
    • Minerals such as calcium, iron, magnesium, and copper, and vitamins like C and B-complex, act as coenzymes.

    Lipids

    • Lipids are organic compounds containing carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen.
    • Fats are lipids that are solid at room temperature, and oils are lipids that are liquid at room temperature.
    • Lipids are categorized into simple lipids (esters of fatty acids), compound lipids (esters of fatty acids and alcohol), and derived lipids (esters of hydrocarbons).
    • Simple lipids include fats and oils (glycerol and fatty acids).
    • Compound lipids include phospholipids (cell membranes), lipoproteins (transport lipids), and glycolipids (brain and nerve cells).
    • Derived lipids include steroids (hormones, vitamin D), and terpenes (pigments).

    Vitamins

    • Vitamins are organic compounds needed in small quantities for normal metabolism.
    • They are classified as fat-soluble (stored in fatty tissues) or water-soluble (not stored).
    • Key fat-soluble vitamins include vitamins A, D, E, and K.
    • Important water-soluble vitamins include vitamin C, and B vitamins.

    Water and Minerals

    • Water is the major constituent of the human body.
    • Water is involved in many functions, including transporting substances, regulating temperature, and catalyzing chemical reactions.
    • Minerals are inorganic elements crucial for numerous bodily functions. They are broadly categorized as macrominerals (greater than 100 mg/day) like calcium, phosphorous, potassium, sodium, magnesium, sulfur, and chlorine, and microminerals (less than 100 mg/day) like iron, iodine, cobalt, copper, zinc, manganese, molybdenum, selenium, chromium, and fluorine.
    • Water balance is maintained through intake and excretion. Mechanisms like hormones, absorption, and osmotic forces regulate water distribution.

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    Description

    Test your knowledge on the main types of monosaccharides and their chemical properties. Explore the functions of various lipids and lipid-soluble vitamins. This quiz covers essential concepts related to carbohydrates and lipids in biology.

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