18 Questions
What type of reactions involve the formation of a double bond when atoms are removed from a molecule?
Isomerization reactions
Which type of reactions involve two molecules combining to form a single product?
Addition reactions
What are anions or neutral species possessing nonbonding electron pairs called?
Nucleophiles
Which reactions involve the transfer of electrons and energy, leading to the gaining or losing of electrons?
Oxidation-Reduction reactions
In which type of reaction is one atom or group substituted by another?
Nucleophilic substitution reactions
What is formed in elimination reactions?
Double bond
What is the role of electrophiles?
They are easily attacked by nucleophiles
In oxidation-reduction reactions, what happens to reducing agents?
They become oxidized
What type of reaction forms a double bond by removing atoms in a molecule?
Elimination reactions
What is the main reason why lipids are not considered polymers?
They are not composed of monomers that repeat themselves.
What defines addition reactions?
Two molecules combine to form a product
What type of bond is a peptide bond?
Covalent bond
Which type of reaction involves the reversible interconversion of aldose and ketose isomers?
Isomerization reactions
What role do carbohydrates play in living organisms?
Energy source
Why are unsaturated fatty acids liquid at room temperature?
They have double bonds that cause kinks in the chains.
What characterizes hydration as a reaction?
A common addition reaction
Which term describes the type of bonds formed between amino acids in a protein?
Peptide bonds
What happens in a nucleophilic substitution reaction involving amino acids?
The amino group attacks the carbonyl carbon.
Study Notes
Biomolecules
- Monomers are the building blocks of biological macromolecules
- Examples of biomolecules include carbohydrates, proteins, and lipids
- Lipids are macromolecules but not polymers, as they are composed of different units (glycerol and fatty acids)
Carbohydrates
- Made up of monosaccharides, such as glucose
- Examples of polysaccharides include cellulose and chitin
- Functions of carbohydrates include storing energy and serving as structural materials
Proteins
- Made up of amino acids
- Peptide bonds are amide linkages formed through nucleophilic substitution reactions
- Amino acids have hydrophobic and hydrophilic regions, with a central carbon bonded to an amino group, carboxyl group, and side chain
- Peptide bonds release water (H2O) during formation
Lipids
- Include fatty acids, such as oleic acid (unsaturated)
- Phosphate groups are present in nucleic acids
Reactions in Biological Systems
- Nucleophilic substitution reactions: involve the substitution of one atom or group for another
- Elimination reactions: involve the formation of a double bond through the removal of atoms or groups
- Addition reactions: involve the combination of two molecules to form a single product
- Isomerization reactions: involve intramolecular shifts of atoms or groups
- Oxidation-Reduction (Redox) reactions: involve the transfer of electrons from a donor (reducing agent) to an electron acceptor (oxidizing agent)
Enzymes
- Biological molecules that facilitate chemical reactions
- Involved in various cellular processes, including metabolism and energy production
Test your knowledge on monomers, enzymes, proteins, polysaccharides, and lipids in biology. Understand the structure, function, and differences between saturated and unsaturated lipids.
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