Podcast Beta
Questions and Answers
What type of reactions involve the formation of a double bond when atoms are removed from a molecule?
Which type of reactions involve two molecules combining to form a single product?
What are anions or neutral species possessing nonbonding electron pairs called?
Which reactions involve the transfer of electrons and energy, leading to the gaining or losing of electrons?
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In which type of reaction is one atom or group substituted by another?
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What is formed in elimination reactions?
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What is the role of electrophiles?
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In oxidation-reduction reactions, what happens to reducing agents?
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What type of reaction forms a double bond by removing atoms in a molecule?
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What is the main reason why lipids are not considered polymers?
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What defines addition reactions?
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What type of bond is a peptide bond?
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Which type of reaction involves the reversible interconversion of aldose and ketose isomers?
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What role do carbohydrates play in living organisms?
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Why are unsaturated fatty acids liquid at room temperature?
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What characterizes hydration as a reaction?
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Which term describes the type of bonds formed between amino acids in a protein?
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What happens in a nucleophilic substitution reaction involving amino acids?
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Study Notes
Biomolecules
- Monomers are the building blocks of biological macromolecules
- Examples of biomolecules include carbohydrates, proteins, and lipids
- Lipids are macromolecules but not polymers, as they are composed of different units (glycerol and fatty acids)
Carbohydrates
- Made up of monosaccharides, such as glucose
- Examples of polysaccharides include cellulose and chitin
- Functions of carbohydrates include storing energy and serving as structural materials
Proteins
- Made up of amino acids
- Peptide bonds are amide linkages formed through nucleophilic substitution reactions
- Amino acids have hydrophobic and hydrophilic regions, with a central carbon bonded to an amino group, carboxyl group, and side chain
- Peptide bonds release water (H2O) during formation
Lipids
- Include fatty acids, such as oleic acid (unsaturated)
- Phosphate groups are present in nucleic acids
Reactions in Biological Systems
- Nucleophilic substitution reactions: involve the substitution of one atom or group for another
- Elimination reactions: involve the formation of a double bond through the removal of atoms or groups
- Addition reactions: involve the combination of two molecules to form a single product
- Isomerization reactions: involve intramolecular shifts of atoms or groups
- Oxidation-Reduction (Redox) reactions: involve the transfer of electrons from a donor (reducing agent) to an electron acceptor (oxidizing agent)
Enzymes
- Biological molecules that facilitate chemical reactions
- Involved in various cellular processes, including metabolism and energy production
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Description
Test your knowledge on monomers, enzymes, proteins, polysaccharides, and lipids in biology. Understand the structure, function, and differences between saturated and unsaturated lipids.
