Biology Module 3: Reproduction and Heredity

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Questions and Answers

What are the three main parts of a human sperm?

head, neck, and tail

What helps the sperm to penetrate inside the egg during fertilization?

Acrosome (correct)

Head

Neck

Tail

Sperms are immotile when stored in the epididymis.

True

The __________ secrete a white, viscous, alkaline secretion resembling mucus which acts as a lubricant.

Cowper’s glands Signup and view all the answers

What is reproduction?

Ability to produce offspring of their own kind Signup and view all the answers

Define puberty.

Puberty is the stage of life during which boys and girls undergo physical changes that lead to sexual maturity. Signup and view all the answers

During puberty, both male and female reproductive organs grow and become mature.

True Signup and view all the answers

The ________ acts as a thermoregulator for the testes.

scrotum Signup and view all the answers

Match the male reproductive organ with its function:

Seminiferous tubules in testes = Produce sperms Epididymis = Stores sperms in a viable but immobile state Sperm duct (vas deferens) = Contractions help in the passage of sperms into urethra during ejaculation Prostate gland = Secrete alkaline fluid discharged into the urethra Signup and view all the answers

Which glands are part of the male reproductive system?

Cowper's glands Signup and view all the answers

Name the fluid surrounding the foetus in the uterus.

Amniotic fluid Signup and view all the answers

List any four reasons for population explosion in India. (Select all that apply)

Advancement in agriculture Signup and view all the answers

What is the inter-relationship between population, environment, and development?

The inter-relationship is that an increasing population can lead to environmental degradation and hinder sustainable development. Signup and view all the answers

What is the effect of uncontrolled population growth on us and our nation?

Uncontrolled population growth can lead to overcrowding, depletion of resources, environmental degradation, and lower quality of life. Signup and view all the answers

How does population growth influence urbanization and environmental degradation?

Population growth leads to increased urbanization, strain on resources, and environmental deterioration. Signup and view all the answers

Relate the indiscriminate increase in population with the standard of living in our country.

The indiscriminate increase in population can lead to a decrease in the standard of living due to strain on resources, inadequate infrastructure, and environmental challenges. Signup and view all the answers

At what age do human males and females attain puberty?

During their teenage years Signup and view all the answers

Name the tubules present in the human testis.

Seminiferous tubules Signup and view all the answers

Name the three types of accessory glands found in the human male reproductive system.

Seminal vesicles, Prostate glands, Bulbourethral glands Signup and view all the answers

State the functions of the following: (a) Seminal vesicles (b) Prostate glands (c) Uterus.

a) Provide nutrients and protection for sperm b) Produces fluid to nourish and protect sperm c) Holds and nurtures a developing fetus during pregnancy Signup and view all the answers

State the main function of placenta.

To provide a link between maternal and fetal tissues for exchange of nutrients, gases, and waste; and to produce hormones Signup and view all the answers

Define the following terms: (i) Implantation (ii) Morula (iii) Amnion.

(i) Implantation: The attachment of the embryo to the wall of the uterus (ii) Morula: A mass of cells formed by repeated division of the zygote (iii) Amnion: The sac filled with amniotic fluid that protects and cushions the embryo Signup and view all the answers

Define Demography.

Demography is the scientific and statistical study of human population. Signup and view all the answers

What is Vasectomy?

Vasectomy is a surgical method of male sterilization where the vas deferens is cut and ligated to prevent the release of sperm. Signup and view all the answers

Define IUD.

IUD stands for Intrauterine Device, which is a contraceptive device inserted into the uterus to prevent pregnancy. Signup and view all the answers

Fertilization occurs in the vagina.

False Signup and view all the answers

Testes produce testosterone hormone.

True Signup and view all the answers

Choose the odd one in each of the following: (i) ovary; Fallopian tube; ureter; ____

uterus Signup and view all the answers

Match the terms:

Acrosome = c Ovulation = g Villi = e Fertilization = a Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Reproduction and Population Control

The ability to reproduce is an essential characteristic of living beings, involving the transmission of genetic material from one generation to the next.
There are two types of reproduction: asexual reproduction (without the formation of gametes) and sexual reproduction (with the formation and fusion of gametes).

Reproduction in Humans

Humans reproduce sexually, and the process involves two parts: the reproductive system and fertilization, pregnancy, and development of the embryo.
The reproductive system consists of the male and female reproductive organs, which produce gametes and support the development of offspring.

Male Reproductive System

The male reproductive system consists of the testes, epididymis, vasa deferentia, urethra, penis, and accessory glands.
The testes produce sperms, and the epididymis stores them in a viable but immobile state.
The vasa deferentia (sperm ducts) transport sperms to the urethra during ejaculation.
The seminal vesicles, prostate gland, and Cowper's glands produce seminal fluid, which nourishes and activates sperms.
The penis is the copulatory organ, and the urethra serves as a passage for both semen and urine.

Female Reproductive System

The female reproductive system consists of the ovaries, fallopian tubes, uterus, vagina, and external genitalia.
The ovaries produce ova and secrete female sex hormones (estrogen and progesterone).
The fallopian tubes are the site of fertilization, and they transfer the fertilized egg/embryo to the uterus.
The uterus receives, protects, and nourishes the embryo, and its muscular wall contractions expel the baby during birth.
The vagina receives the penis during intercourse and serves as the birth canal during childbirth.

Fertilization and Pregnancy

Fertilization occurs when a sperm penetrates the egg in the fallopian tube.
The fertilized egg/embryo develops into a zygote, which implants in the uterus.
The embryo develops into a fetus, and the mother's body supports its growth through pregnancy.

Puberty and Adolescence

Puberty is the period of rapid growth and development during which the reproductive organs mature.
Adolescence is the period of psychological and social development that occurs during puberty.
During puberty, secondary sexual characteristics develop in both males and females.

Population Control

The term population refers to the total number of individuals of a species inhabiting a particular area.
Demography is the study of population dynamics, including birth rate, death rate, and growth rate.
Population growth can be controlled through various methods, including contraception and family planning.### Menstrual Cycle in Human Females
The menstrual cycle in human females starts at puberty (around 11-13 years) and ends at menopause (around 45-50 years).
During the menstrual cycle, an ovum is matured and released once every 28 days.
The menstrual cycle starts with menstrual flow, which lasts for 3-4 days.
From the 5th to the 13th day, the Graafian follicle grows and matures, producing the hormone oestrogen.
Ovulation takes place 13-14 days after the onset of menstruation, and the ovum is released into the fallopian tube.

Maintaining Menstrual Hygiene

Daily bathing and regular washing of the genital area are essential.
Sanitary pads and cloths should be changed at least twice a day.
Home-made sanitary napkins should be washed thoroughly with hot water and soap, and dried in a sunny and airy place.

Fertilization, Pregnancy, and Development of the Embryo

Fertilization occurs when a sperm fuses with an ovum in the fallopian tube.
The zygote forms immediately after fertilization and begins to divide.
Implantation takes place about a week after fertilization, where the embryo attaches to the uterus.
The developing embryo receives oxygen and nutrients from the maternal blood through the placenta.
The placenta also transports carbon dioxide and waste products from the foetal blood to the maternal blood.

Childbirth

The uterus undergoes contractions, and the amnion bursts, releasing amniotic fluid.
The baby is expelled from the uterus, and the umbilical cord is tied and cut.
The placenta is discharged after birth.

Twins

Fraternal twins are formed when two eggs are released and fertilized by different sperms.
Identical twins are formed when a single egg divides and separates into two independent embryos.
Siamese twins are formed when two eggs fail to separate completely.

New Medical Techniques in Reproduction

Test tube babies are formed when an ovum is fertilized outside the body and inserted into the woman's uterus.
Artificial insemination involves injecting sperm into a woman's reproductive tract to facilitate fertilization.
Fertility drugs can stimulate follicle production in women who are unable to conceive naturally.

Population and Its Control

Demography is the study of human population growth, composition, and distribution.
Population density is the number of individuals per square kilometer.
Birth rate is the number of live births per 1000 individuals per year.
Death rate is the number of deaths per 1000 individuals per year.
Population growth rate is the difference between the birth rate and death rate.

Population Growth in India

India is the second most populous country in the world.
The population of India has been steadily increasing over the last 100 years.
Factors contributing to population growth in India include advancements in agriculture, medicine, and industrialization, as well as religious and social customs, and illiteracy.### Factors Contributing to Population Explosion
Lack of awareness about the functioning of the reproductive system leads to overpopulation
Economic reasons: Children are sent to work instead of attending school, increasing the family's income
Desire for a male child: In some societies, male children are preferred, leading to multiple pregnancies

Problems Posed by Increasing Population

Problems for Large Families
- Poor health of the mother due to frequent pregnancies
- Poor housing and inadequate living conditions
- Economic pressure on the family, affecting the quality of life
- Poor health and malnutrition among family members
- Improper education for children
Problems Posed to the Country
- Urbanization and environmental degradation
- Increase in transportation and pollution
- Difficulty in providing education to all
- Agricultural development and environmental degradation
- Increased demand for food and water, leading to scarcity and depletion of natural resources
- Depletion of mineral reserves and energy sources

Population Control and Family Planning

Education is key to controlling population growth
Various methods of birth control, including:
- Rhythm method
- Condoms and diaphragms
- Intrauterine devices (IUDs)
- Oral contraceptive pills
- Vasectomy and tubectomy (surgical methods)
Abortion or medical termination of pregnancy (MTP) in cases where preventive measures fail or the fetus has a defect

Reproduction and Heredity

Reproduction: the process by which a living organism produces more of its own kind
Types of reproduction: asexual and sexual
Human reproductive system: male and female reproductive organs, including testes, epididymis, vas deferens, penis, ovaries, fallopian tubes, uterus, and vagina
Puberty: the stage of development when sex organs mature and secondary sexual characteristics appear
Implantation: the process of fixing the embryo in the uterine wall
Twins: fraternal and identical twins
Demography: the study of human population

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Description

This quiz covers the fundamentals of reproduction and heredity, including population control and genetics. It's a great resource for students studying biology. Test your knowledge and understanding of these concepts!