Biology Mitosis Concepts
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Questions and Answers

What is mitosis?

Division of cells' genetic material in eukaryotes.

What does acrocentric refer to?

One chromosomal arm is significantly longer than another.

What occurs during anaphase?

Sister chromatids are separated and move to the poles of the cell.

What is an aster?

<p>A cellular structure shaped like a star formed around each centrosome during mitosis in an animal cell.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of the cell plate?

<p>Cytokinesis in plant cells, forming two new daughter cells.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of the centriole?

<p>Cylindrical cell structure composed mainly of tubulin, found in most eukaryotic cells.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a centromere?

<p>Area of DNA where sister chromatids connect.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is chromatin?

<p>Complex of DNA, RNA, and proteins that package and condense DNA for cell division.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a chromosome?

<p>Condensed form of DNA formed as a result of chromatin condensation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is cleavage in relation to cell division?

<p>Cytokinesis in animal cells, where a contractile ring 'pinches' the cell membrane.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the cleavage furrow?

<p>Indentation formed during cytokinesis in animal cells.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is condensation in genetics?

<p>Process of chromatin condensing free DNA into chromosomes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of a contractile ring?

<p>Actin/myosin protein complex that forms at the equator, contracting to form cleavage furrow.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a cyclin?

<p>Proteins that accumulate at the G1/S checkpoint to signal the onset of mitosis.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is cytokinesis?

<p>Division of cytoplasm following telophase.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does density-dependent inhibition refer to?

<p>Population growth depends on density of a population.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of a histone?

<p>Protein component of chromatin that packages DNA into nucleosomes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is interphase?

<p>&quot;Living&quot; portion of the cell cycle.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a karyotype?

<p>Map of each chromosome in a cell's genetic code.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of a kinetochore?

<p>Protein attachment sites for spindle apparatus on centromere.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are kinetochore fibers?

<p>Part of the spindle apparatus that attaches directly to chromosomes at kinetochore.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does metacentric mean?

<p>Chromosomal legs are similar in length.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens during metaphase?

<p>Chromosomes align along the metaphase plate.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a microtubule?

<p>Tubulin protein units that make up cytoskeleton and internal structure of cilia and flagella.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of spindle fibers?

<p>Fibers that assist in the separation of chromosomes during cell division.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does telocentric refer to?

<p>One chromosomal leg is normal length while the other is not visible.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What occurs during telophase?

<p>Chromosomes arrive at poles, spindle apparatus fully dissolves, and new nuclear membranes form.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a telomere?

<p>Region of repetitive nucleotide sequences at each end of a chromatid.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does tubulin refer to?

<p>Protein unit that composes microtubules of the spindle apparatus.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is an oncogene?

<p>A gene with the potential to contribute to cancer.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is crossing over?

<p>Exchange of genetic material between homologous chromosomes that results in recombinant chromosomes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is cytokinesis 1 and 2 of meiosis?

<p>New nuclear membranes develop around each set of chromosomes, spindle apparatus dissolves, cytokinesis divides cell.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is meiotic formation of eggs called?

<p>Oogenesis.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is nondisjunction?

<p>Failure of chromosomes to separate properly during cell division.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is synapsis?

<p>The pairing of two homologous chromosomes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a polar body?

<p>Small haploid cell that is produced during the formation of eggs but does not develop into a functional ovum.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is gametogenesis?

<p>The process of forming gametes (sperm and eggs).</p> Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Mitosis and Cell Division

  • Mitosis is the process of dividing genetic material in eukaryotic cells.
  • Sister chromatids separate during anaphase, moving to opposite poles, each now considered a chromosome.
  • Prophase involves chromosome condensation, separation of centrosomes, and potential nuclear envelope fragmentation.
  • Telophase marks the arrival of chromosomes at poles, forming new nuclear membranes and preparing for cytokinesis.

Chromosomal Structures

  • Acrocentric chromosomes have one significantly longer arm.
  • Metacentric chromosomes have arms of similar lengths.
  • The centromere is the DNA region connecting sister chromatids.
  • Aster structures form around centrosomes during mitosis, with astral rays radiating from the centrosphere.

Cytokinesis

  • In animal cells, cytokinesis involves a cleavage furrow formed by a contractile ring of actin and myosin.
  • Plant cells form a cell plate during cytokinesis, derived from cell wall materials transported to the division site.

Genetic Material and Packaging

  • Chromatin is a complex of DNA, RNA, and proteins that condenses DNA for cell division.
  • Nucleosomes are the basic units of DNA packaging, consisting of DNA wrapped around histone proteins.
  • The telomere protects chromosome ends from deterioration, consisting of repetitive nucleotide sequences.

Cell Cycle and Phases

  • Interphase includes G1, S (DNA replication), and G2 phases.
  • Cyclins accumulate at the G1/S checkpoint, signaling the onset of mitosis.
  • Density-dependent inhibition refers to the growth of a population being regulated by its density.

Types of Cell Division

  • Meiosis includes two rounds of division: Meiosis I separates homologous chromosomes, while Meiosis II separates sister chromatids.
  • Crossing over occurs during prophase I of meiosis, exchanging genetic material between homologous chromosomes at chiasmata.

Genetic Variation and Cancer

  • Oncogenes have the potential to contribute to cancer, while proto-oncogenes are normal genes that may mutate.
  • Tumor suppressor genes regulate cell growth and prevent tumor formation.

Transport Mechanisms

  • Diffusion is the passive movement of molecules from higher to lower concentration areas.
  • Active transport moves molecules against their concentration gradient, requiring energy.
  • Exocytosis and endocytosis are processes for moving substances into and out of cells.

Specialized Cellular Functions

  • Spermatogenesis involves producing sperm cells through meiotic divisions.
  • Oogenesis refers to the formation of ova (egg cells).
  • Follicles are structures within the ovaries that support oocyte development.

Miscellaneous Terms

  • Karyotype is the map of chromosomes in a cell.
  • Kinetochore fibers attach spindle apparatus to chromosomes, crucial for proper chromosome segregation.
  • Chiasma represents contact points between non-sister chromatids during crossing over.

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