Questions and Answers
What is the physical basis of the law of segregation?
What is the physical basis for the law of independent assortment?
What determines an individual's sex in humans?
Why do tortoiseshell coats occur primarily in female cats?
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Which is the definition of a sex-linked trait?
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Which statements describe the differences between how the trait for red-green color blindness is expressed in males and females? (multiple answers)
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Why are linked genes often inherited together?
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What information about recombination frequencies enables scientists to create linkage maps?
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Which term describes the addition of genetic material to a chromosome through extra replication of a chromosomal section?
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Which term describes the process of sister chromatids not separating at the centromere during cell division?
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Which term describes the rearranging of genetic material between nonhomologous chromosomes without a net loss or gain of genetic material?
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Which term describes a mutation where a chromosome breaks, and its genetic material is reinserted in a different orientation?
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Classify each description as a characteristic of nondisjunction in meiosis I or nondisjunction in meiosis II.
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What did Erwin Chargaff discover about the base pair composition of DNA?
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What contribution did James Watson and Francis Crick make to our understanding of DNA?
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What intermolecular force is responsible for holding the two strands of a DNA double helix together?
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Identify the statements that describe the structure of DNA. (multiple answers)
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How does the structure of DNA encode genetic information?
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What is the key feature of DNA that allows it to be copied?
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Since DNA is replicated semiconservatively, what does each new daughter cell receive from the parent cell after replication and mitosis?
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Which enzyme joins fragments of DNA into a continuous strand?
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Arrange the steps of DNA replication in the order that they occur.
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What are the components of eukaryotic chromosomes? (multiple answers)
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Which statement describes the central dogma of biology?
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What RNA sequence is produced during transcription of the given DNA sequence: 3′ CGTAACTAG 5′?
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Arrange the steps of DNA transcription in the order in which they occur.
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What is an exon?
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What is an intron?
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What is a poly-A tail?
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Which statements are true about the RNA editing process after transcription? (multiple answers)
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What statement describes RNA splicing?
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Place the events that take place during translation and protein synthesis in the correct order.
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Classify each feature as describing either transcription or translation.
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How do stop codons on mRNA function to end protein synthesis?
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Study Notes
Mendel's Laws of Inheritance
- The law of segregation states that homologous chromosomes separate into different daughter cells during anaphase I of meiosis.
- The law of independent assortment explains that alleles on nonhomologous chromosomes segregate randomly into gametes during meiosis.
Sex Determination in Humans
- Females possess two identical sex chromosomes (XX), while males have two different sex chromosomes (XY).
- Fertilized eggs typically develop into females, whereas unfertilized ones develop into males.
Tortoiseshell Cats
- Tortoiseshell coloring is primarily found in females due to two X chromosomes, allowing random X inactivation in cells, leading to different allele expression.
Sex-Linked Traits
- A sex-linked trait is defined as a trait coded by genes located on sex chromosomes.
- Red-green color blindness is an X-linked recessive trait; males are more likely to express it than females, who can be carriers.
Genetic Linkage and Recombination
- Linked genes are found close together on the same chromosome, which often leads to them being inherited together.
- Recombination frequency is a measure of genetic distance between genes; a higher frequency means greater physical distance.
Errors in Meiosis
- Duplications occur through the addition of genetic material to a chromosome due to extra replication.
- Nondisjunction refers to sister chromatids failing to separate during cell division.
Errors during Chromosome Replication
- Translocations involve the rearranging of genetic material between nonhomologous chromosomes without loss or gain of material.
- Inversions occur when a chromosome breaks and the genetic material reattaches in a different orientation.
Chargaff's Rules
- The proportions of A (adenine) to T (thymine) and G (guanine) to C (cytosine) bases are consistent within a species, varying across different species.
- DNA molecules consistently show equal numbers of A and T, and G and C bases.
Watson and Crick's Contribution
- They modeled the double helix structure of DNA, integrating various structural data and understanding the role of DNA as the genetic code.
Structure of DNA
- The DNA double helix comprises anti-parallel sugar-phosphate backbones with base pairing through hydrogen bonds.
- Adenine pairs with thymine, while guanine pairs with cytosine.
DNA Replication
- DNA replication is semiconservative; each daughter strand receives one original and one new strand.
- Ligase enzyme facilitates the joining of DNA fragments to create continuous strands.
Transcription and Translated Processes
- The central dogma of molecular biology describes the flow of genetic information: DNA is transcribed into RNA, which is then translated into proteins.
RNA Processing
- Exons are coding sections retained in mature mRNA, whereas introns are noncoding segments removed.
- A poly-A tail consists of adenine nucleotides added to mRNA during processing, enhancing stability and translation efficiency.
Translation Process
- Translation involves several steps: the ribosome attaches to mRNA, tRNA molecules bring in amino acids, and the polypeptide chain elongates until a stop codon is reached, halting protein synthesis.
Key Features of Transcription and Translation
- Transcription occurs in the nucleus, producing mRNA, whereas translation takes place in ribosomes and requires tRNA to synthesize proteins.
- Stop codons signal the end of translation by not coding for an amino acid, resulting in the release of the polypeptide chain from the ribosome.
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Description
This quiz explores Mendel's law of segregation and its physical basis in heredity. It covers key concepts such as chromosomes, alleles, and the processes of mitosis and meiosis. Test your understanding of genetic inheritance and cell division.