Biology: Meiosis and Genetic Variation
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Questions and Answers

Which is true about crossing over (C.O), independent assortment (I.A), and random fertilization (R.F)?

  • All increase the diversity of potential offspring
  • All of them (correct)
  • All produce gametes
  • They all occur during meiosis

    • When does crossing over occur?

    Prophase 1 of meiosis 1

    Why does independent assortment occur?

    It occurs because chromosomes can line up in different ways during metaphase 1 and metaphase 2 of meiosis

    FOIL is most closely associated with which of the following processes?

    <p>Independent assortment</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is crossing over?

    <p>The exchange of genetic material between homologous chromosomes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When does random fertilization occur?

    <p>It occurs after meiosis, when gametes from two different individuals meet</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How many cells are produced by meiosis?

    <p>4 haploid cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are haploid cells?

    <p>A cell containing only one set of chromosomes (n)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are diploid cells?

    <p>A cell containing two sets of chromosomes (2n), one set inherited from each parent</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How many varieties of gametes are produced by meiosis without crossing over?

    <p>2 varieties</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What do you call two genes that are often inherited together?

    <p>Linked genes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How many cells are produced by meiosis in cells that do crossing over?

    <p>Four</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How many varieties of gametes are produced by meiosis with crossing over?

    <p>Four</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is another term for the chromosomes that result from crossing over?

    <p>Recombinant gametes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Does crossing over occur for every chromosome every time gametes are produced?

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Independent assortment is...

    <p>The way each chromosome lines up during metaphase 1</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How many different genetic combinations are possible in the first part of meiosis because of independent assortment?

    <p>Four</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What separates during anaphase 2 of meiosis 2?

    <p>Sister chromatids</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does independent assortment affect genetic diversity?

    <p>It causes the random lining up of chromosomes that results in a larger diversity in offspring</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the two types of gametes?

    <p>Sperm and eggs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the process that occurs when the sperm and egg combine?

    <p>Fertilization</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a genetic cross that looks at two traits?

    <p>A dihybrid cross</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What goes inside the boxes of a Punnett square?

    <p>Genotypes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How many gene combinations are possible for gamete production for a dihybrid cross?

    <p>16 combinations</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for a fertilized egg?

    <p>Zygote</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What can be determined by reading genotypes in a Punnett square?

    <p>Phenotypes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What phenotype ratio should you expect with a dihybrid cross of heterozygous individuals?

    <p>9:3:3:1</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What do sex chromosomes control?

    <p>The development of sexual characteristics</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a somatic cell?

    <p>Body cells that make up most of your body tissue and organs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is meiosis?

    <p>A form of nuclear division that divides a diploid cell into haploid cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is sexual reproduction?

    <p>Involves the fusion of two gametes that results in offspring that are a genetic mixture from both parents</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are autosomes?

    <p>Chromosomes that contain genes for characteristics not directly related to the sex of an organism</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are homologous chromosomes?

    <p>Two chromosomes, one inherited from mother and one from father, that have the same length and general appearance</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Genetic Processes and Diversity in Meiosis

    • Crossing Over, Independent Assortment, and Random Fertilization enhance genetic diversity in offspring during meiosis.
    • Crossing over occurs during prophase 1 of Meiosis 1, involving the exchange of genetic material between homologous chromosomes.
    • Independent assortment allows chromosomes to line up in various ways during metaphase 1 and 2, leading to diverse genetic combinations.

    Gamete Production and Types

    • Meiosis produces four haploid cells, each containing one set of chromosomes (n).
    • Gametes are of two types: sperm and eggs, which combine during fertilization to form a zygote.
    • Without crossing over, meiosis generates two varieties of gametes; with crossing over, four varieties are produced.

    Genetic Combinations

    • Independent assortment results in four genetic combinations from the first meiotic division, contributing to genetic variation.
    • Linked genes are genes inherited together due to their proximity on the same chromosome.
    • A dihybrid cross examines the inheritance of two traits, yielding 16 possible gene combinations based on the phenotypic classes.

    Punnett Squares and Genetic Predictions

    • Punnett squares are used to visualize genetic crosses, with genotypes placed in the boxes to predict phenotypic ratios.
    • A typical phenotypic ratio from a dihybrid cross of heterozygous individuals is expected to be 9:3:3:1.

    Chromosomal Definitions

    • Diploid cells (2n) possess two sets of chromosomes, one from each parent, while haploid cells (n) have one set.
    • Somatic cells, or body cells, make up the majority of tissue and organs.
    • Chromosomes not directly involved in sex determination are termed autosomes, while sex chromosomes specifically control sexual characteristics.

    Additional Key Concepts

    • Recombinant gametes are chromosomes resulting from crossing over, increasing genetic variation.
    • Crossovers do not occur for every chromosome in every gamete, preventing redundancy in genetic mixing.
    • Sister chromatids separate during anaphase 2 of Meiosis 2, crucial for correct chromosome distribution.
    • Genetic diversity is further amplified by the vast number of possible sperm and egg combinations in humans, leading to trillions of potential genetic outcomes.

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    Description

    This quiz covers key concepts related to meiosis, including crossing over, independent assortment, and random fertilization. Test your knowledge on how these processes contribute to genetic diversity in potential offspring. Ideal for biology students studying genetics and reproduction.

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