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Questions and Answers
What is the smallest stable unit of matter in the levels of organization?
Which level of organization consists of two or more tissues working together?
What is the property that allows an organism to respond to stimuli?
What initiates the changes of excitability in nervous and muscular tissues?
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Which of the following is NOT a homeostatic mechanism?
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At which level do all organ systems of the body work together to maintain health?
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What happens to the excitability of tissue after it reaches its initial size?
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Which component is NOT typically regulated by homeostatic mechanisms?
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What is the primary difference between autoregulation and extrinsic regulation in homeostasis?
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Which of the following best describes the role of sensors in homeostasis?
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What is the function of controllers in the homeostatic process?
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Which term refers to the directional term meaning away from the vertebral column?
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In which plane does the body get divided into equal right and left halves?
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Which of the following is an example of an effector in the homeostatic process?
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What does the caudal directional term refer to?
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Which statement about the horizontal plane is true?
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Study Notes
Levels of Organization
- Organisms are organized into several levels starting with the smallest: molecular, cellular, tissue, organ, organ system, and organism.
- Molecular level: Atoms combine to form molecules.
- Cellular level: Molecules form organelles within cells, which are the smallest living units of the body.
- Tissue level: Groups of similar cells working together to perform a specific function.
- Organ level: Two or more tissues working together to perform several functions; an example is the heart, which is composed of cardiac muscle tissue, connective tissue, and others.
- Organ system level: Organs interact to form organ systems like the cardiovascular system which is composed of the heart, blood, and blood vessels.
- Organism level: All organ systems working together to maintain life and health.
Characteristics of Living Organisms
- Living organisms respond to environmental change, maintain homeostasis, reproduce, grow, and adapt.
Nervous and Muscular Tissue Properties
- Irritability/Excitability: The ability of tissues to respond to stimuli.
- Stimuli: Can originate from the external or internal environment.
- Recovery Cycle: After a stimulus, the tissue returns to its resting stage.
Homeostasis and Regulation
- Homeostasis: The maintenance of a stable internal environment within a narrow range.
- Homeostatic mechanisms: Regulate body temperature, respiratory rate, blood pH, heart rate, blood pressure, blood glucose levels, body water, and electrolyte concentrations.
- Autoregulation: Automatic adjustments within a cell, tissue, organ, or organ system in response to environmental changes.
- Extrinsic regulation: The nervous or endocrine system controls and adjusts multiple systems simultaneously.
- Sensors: Structures that detect changes in the internal or external environment, such as nervous receptor cells, cytoplasmic or membrane proteins, and specialized molecules.
- Controllers: Structures that process and interpret information from sensors, including specialized regions of the central nervous system (CNS) and molecules like DNA.
- Effectors: Structures that carry out actions to return the body to its optimal state, such as muscles, glands, and cellular organelles.
Directional Terms and Planes
- Median Plane: An imaginary plane dividing the body into equal right and left halves.
- Sagittal Plane: Any plane parallel to the median plane.
- Transverse Plane: A plane perpendicular to the median plane, dividing the body into cranial and caudal segments.
- Horizontal Plane: A plane perpendicular to both the median and transverse planes, dividing the body into dorsal and ventral segments.
- Cranial: Towards the head.
- Caudal: Towards the tail.
- Dorsal: Towards the backbone or vertebral column.
- Ventral: Away from the vertebral column, towards the mid-abdominal wall.
- Medial: Close to or towards the median plane.
- Lateral: Away from the median plane.
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Description
Test your understanding of the various levels of organization in biology. This quiz covers molecular to organism levels, along with the characteristics that define living organisms. Prepare to explore how these levels contribute to life and health.
