87 Questions
What is the main function of the sticky mucus on mucous membranes?
To provide a physical trap for pathogens
How do hairs in the nose and ears protect the body from pathogens?
By creating a physical barrier against pathogens
Which body surface is protected by beneficial microorganisms that combat disease-causing organisms?
Digestive system
What is the role of the acidic stomach secretions in protecting the body?
Kill many pathogens entering the digestive system
Which white blood cell type is able to move using amoeboid locomotion and leave the blood to go to infected tissues?
Neutrophils
What is the main function of a macrophage in the immune system?
To engulf foreign particles and pathogens
Where do B cells mature?
Bone marrow
What type of immune response is controlled by activated B cells and antibodies?
Humoral or antibody-mediated immune response
What stimulates phagocytosis when present in the body?
Antibodies
How do antibodies interfere with viruses or bacteria?
By interfering with their chemical interactions
What type of immunity gives the host long-term protection from reinfection?
Memory immunity
Which part of the immune system produces specific antibodies?
Plasma cells
What is the main role of mast cells?
Releasing chemicals in response to physical injury
What do cytokines do in the immune system?
Encourage inflammation
What is the purpose of inflammation in the body?
Cause capillaries to dilate
Which type of white blood cell arrives early at the site of inflammation?
Neutrophils
How does a fever help during an infection?
Inhibit pathogen growth
When should a dangerously high fever be suppressed?
Only suppress dangerously high fevers
What is the primary function of antibodies in the immune response?
Stimulate inflammation
Which type of immunity involves giving antibodies from an outside source for immediate protection?
Passive immunity
What is the role of dendritic cells and macrophages in the immune response?
Engulf and digest pathogens
What is the main function of the immune factors described in the text?
Creating a more efficient immune response upon re-exposure to pathogens
Where are dendritic cells primarily located in the body?
Skin
Which type of immune response is always present and defends against all pathogens rather than focusing on specific ones?
Innate immune response
Which immune cells are unable to recognize pathogens without assistance?
T lymphocytes
What is a characteristic of external and chemical barriers described in the text?
They include the skin protein keratin that resists physical entry into cells
Which of the following best describes the adaptive immune response as per the text?
It stores information about past infections
What happens to antigen fragments once they are transported to the surface of an antigen-presenting cell?
They act as indicators to other immune cells
What is the role of pathogens in relation to hosts as explained in the text?
Bacteria, protists, fungi, and other infectious organisms can cause diseases in hosts
Which statement accurately describes innate immunity according to the text?
It is non-specific toward a particular kind of pathogen
What is the main function of the innate immune response?
Defending against all pathogens non-specifically
How does the immune system respond upon re-exposure to a pathogen?
By creating a more efficient response due to memory
Which part of the immune system depends on physical and chemical barriers as the first line of defense?
Innate immune response
What is the role of cytokines in the immune response?
Encourage inflammation
How does a fever help during an infection?
Inhibits the growth of pathogens
What is the primary function of mast cells in the immune system?
Encouraging inflammation
Which white blood cell type is attracted to the site of inflammation and is responsible for engulfing and digesting pathogens?
Neutrophils
What cellular response is triggered by the cytokines released from white blood cells after pathogen recognition?
Increase in core body temperature (fever)
What do capillaries do in response to the chemical signals that trigger inflammation?
Dilate and become more permeable
What is the primary function of Natural Killer (NK) cells in the immune system?
Killing cells infected with viruses or cancerous cells
How does the Complement System primarily function in the immune response?
Killing extracellular pathogens through cell lysis
What distinguishes Adaptive Immunity from Innate Immunity?
The speed of response to pathogens
Which characteristic is unique to Adaptive Immunity compared to Innate Immunity?
Ability to differentiate between self and non-self antigens
How does the immune system respond after exposure to an antigen, as described in the text?
Formation of memory cells for future defense
What is the specific role of Liver cells and macrophages in the Complement System?
Continuous synthesis of inactive complement proteins
What is the role of cilia in the upper respiratory tract according to the text?
Trap pathogens in mucus and move them up to the mouth
What is the primary function of the acidic stomach secretions mentioned in the text?
To kill many pathogens entering the digestive system
Which statement accurately describes the role of macrophages in the immune system as per the text?
Engulf foreign particles and pathogens
How do beneficial microorganisms in the body protect against disease-causing organisms?
By outcompeting disease-causing organisms for nutritional resources
Which component of internal defenses involves cells that are nucleated and can move using amoeboid locomotion?
Macrophages
What is the main function of the enzyme found in saliva, mucus, and tears as per the text?
Breaking down bacterial cell walls
Where do T cells mature before migrating to the spleen and lymph nodes?
Thymus
What is the function of immunoglobulin in the immune system?
Produced by plasma cells after antigen stimulation
In which body fluids can antibodies be found according to the text?
Blood and lymphatic system
What is the role of B cells in the immune response to antigens?
Producing specific antibodies
How do antibodies interfere with viruses or bacteria?
Neutralize viruses or bacteria to prevent infection
Which immune cells are primarily attracted by antigen-antibody complexes?
Macrophages
Innate immunity is specific toward a particular kind of pathogen.
False
The adaptive immune response defends against all pathogens rather than focusing on specific ones.
False
The second line of defense includes physical and chemical barriers.
False
Protein keratin in the skin helps resist physical entry into cells.
True
The adaptive immune response depends on physical and chemical barriers as the first line of defense.
False
The immune system produces antibodies that specifically target individual pathogens.
False
Mucous membranes protect body openings by providing a physical trap for pathogens.
True
Hairs in the nose and ears protect the body by releasing enzymes that break down bacterial cell walls.
False
Cilia in the upper respiratory tract help move trapped pathogens up to the mouth.
True
The acidic surface of the skin promotes bacterial growth.
False
Saliva, mucus, and tears contain an enzyme that breaks down bacterial cell walls.
True
The acidic stomach secretions do not play a role in killing pathogens entering the digestive system.
False
B cells mature in the thymus.
False
Immunoglobulins are proteins produced by plasma cells after stimulation by an antigen.
True
Memory in adaptive immunity provides short-term protection from reinfection.
False
T cells mature at the spleen before migrating to the lymph nodes.
False
Antibodies circulate in the blood stream, but not in the lymphatic system.
False
Phagocytic cells are not attracted by antigen-antibody complexes.
False
Mast cells release chemicals in response to emotional injury.
False
Cytokines regulate cell differentiation, proliferation, and gene expression.
True
Inflammation is only a response to chemical irritation by pathogens.
False
Neutrophils are late arriving white blood cells at the site of inflammation.
False
A fever helps inhibit the growth of pathogens and speed up cellular repair processes.
True
Dangerously high fever should always be suppressed.
False
NK cells can kill cells infected with viruses or cancerous cells.
True
The Complement System is made up of approximately 10 types of proteins.
False
Adaptive Immunity is specific to substances and organisms that belong in the body.
False
The adaptive immune response takes minutes to become established.
False
Innate Immune Response occurs after exposure to an antigen from a pathogen or a vaccination.
False
The main function of macrophages is to synthesize inactive forms of complement proteins continuously.
False
This quiz covers the topic of immunity and pathogens in biology, including the definition of pathogens, hosts, and the role of the immune system in combating diseases. Learn about different types of pathogens and how the immune system identifies and fights against them.
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