Biology Lecture 3A: Microglial Cells

They are not interconnected.

They retract their processes and behave as antigen-presenting cells.

To help circulate the CSF and monitor its contents.

Columnar or cuboidal.

It is absent.

To produce CSF.

They branch and penetrate into the adjacent neuropil.

Central canal of the spinal cord.

Amygdala Basal Nuclei

Norepinephrine and Dopamine

Occipital Lobe

Serves as a major ANS coordinating center

SNRIs

Frontal Lobe

Performs both primitive sensory processing and serves as a relay station

Motor homunculus

To act as a neuronal link between the brain and the peripheral nervous system

To bind to oxygen for aerobic respiration

Cervical nerves

Brain plasticity

To provide a backup source of energy for neurons during times of glucose depletion

Withdrawal reflex

31 pairs

To control the entry of substances into the brain

Unimpeded bending of the injured extremity’s knee

Increased responsiveness to mild stimuli following a strong or noxious stimulus

Explicit memory

Consolidation

Integration of various related stimuli in short-term declarative memory

Flexion of the injured extremity

Procedural memory

To stimulate the efferent motor neurons for flexion of the biceps

To prevent counterproductive contraction of the triceps muscle

Working memory

To transmit pain signals to the brain for awareness and memory storage

To extend the opposite limb to bear the weight of the body

Extension of the opposite limb to bear weight

All of the above

Neurons that control extension of the opposite limb

To ensure coordinated movement and balance

Cerebellum = Maintains proper position of the body in space and subconscious coordination of motor activities Reticular formation = Receives and integrates all incoming sensory synaptic input Brain stem = Regulates muscle reflexes involved in equilibrium and posture Limbic System = Governs emotions, basic behavioral patterns, and motivation

Vestibulocerebellum = Maintaining balance and controlling eye movements Spinocerebellum = Enhancing muscle tone and coordinating skilled, voluntary movements Cerebrum = Processing sensory information and controlling movement Brain stem = Regulating muscle reflexes involved in equilibrium and posture

Brain stem = Regulating sleep and wakefulness Hypothalamus = Promoting slow-wave sleep Cerebrum = Processing sensory information and controlling movement Cerebellum = Maintaining proper position of the body in space and subconscious coordination of motor activities

Regulating muscle reflexes = Brain stem Maintaining proper position of the body in space = Cerebellum Processing sensory information = Cerebrum Governing emotions and motivation = Limbic System

Cerebellum = Subconscious coordination of motor activities Brain stem = Regulating muscle reflexes involved in equilibrium and posture Cerebrum = Processing sensory information and controlling movement Limbic System = Governing emotions, basic behavioral patterns, and motivation

Cerebellum = Attached at top rear portion of brain stem Brain stem = Connecting the cerebrum to the spinal cord Hypothalamus = Located below the thalamus Limbic System = Located in the center of the brain

Maintaining balance and controlling eye movements = Vestibulocerebellum Enhancing muscle tone and coordinating skilled, voluntary movements = Spinocerebellum Regulating muscle reflexes involved in equilibrium and posture = Brain stem Governing emotions, basic behavioral patterns, and motivation = Limbic System

Cerebellum = Subconscious coordination of motor activities Brain stem = Regulating muscle reflexes involved in equilibrium and posture Cerebrum = Processing sensory information and controlling movement Limbic System = Governing emotions, basic behavioral patterns, and motivation

Cervical nerves = 8 pairs Thoracic nerves = 12 pairs Lumbar nerves = 5 pairs Coccygeal nerves = 1 pair

Brain Plasticity = Brain changes or is functionally remodeled in response to demands placed on it. Reflex = Involuntary motor response to a stimulus, such as withdrawing a hand from a hot surface. Cortical pathway = Pathway for speaking a word seen or heard. Integrating center = Center for spinal reflexes

O2 = Oxidize to glucose for aerobic respiration Glucose = Primary source of energy for neurons Neuroglobin = Binds to O2 in neurons for aerobic respiration Glycogen = Stored in astrocytes for neuronal nourishment

Spinal cord = Integrating center for spinal reflexes Brain stem = Coordinating center for ANS Thalamus = Sensory processing Cerebral cortex = Initial processing of visual input

Withdrawal Reflex = Involuntary motor response to a stimulus, such as withdrawing a hand from a hot surface. Brain Plasticity = Brain changes or is functionally remodeled in response to demands placed on it. Sensitization = Example of heightened response to a stimulus Hippocampus = Formation of long-term memory stores

Excitatory interneurons = Primary function in the reflex arc Inhibitory interneurons = Role in regulating the reflex response Neuroglobin = Binds to O2 in neurons for aerobic respiration Astrocytes = Storing glycogen for neuronal nourishment

Ascending pathway = Transmitting sensory information to the brain Cortical pathway = Pathway for speaking a word seen or heard Crossed extensor-withdrawal reflex = Reflex response to a stimulus in the opposite limb Reflex arc = Involuntary motor response to a stimulus

Short-term memory = Temporary holding and interrelating of various pieces of information Long-term memory = Learning of events, places, and facts Motor memory = Learning of skilled motor movements Working memory = Temporary holding and interrelating of various pieces of information

Receptor = Sends signals to the CNS Afferent pathway = Carries signals from receptors to the CNS Integrating center = Processes sensory information Effector = Responds to the stimulus

Hippocampus = Role in memory formation Hypothalamus = Regulation of bodily cycles Spinal canal = Cell division for repairing neural damage Olfactory epithelium = Detection of smells

Warmth receptors = Detect temperature increases Cold receptors = Detect temperature decreases Pressure receptors = Detect mechanical pressure Pain receptors = Detect harmful stimuli

Simple reflexes = Built-in, unlearned responses Acquired reflexes = Result of practice and learning Conditioned reflexes = Learned response to a stimulus Unconditional reflexes = Innate response to a stimulus

Dendrites = Receive signals from other neurons Axons = Transmit signals to other neurons or effectors Neurogenesis = Formation of new neurons Arborizations = Branching of dendrites

Withdrawal reflex = Automatic response to a painful stimulus Reflex arc = Neural pathway for reflexes Neurogenesis = Formation of new neurons Sensitization = Increased response to a stimulus

Subventricular zone = Lateral ventricles Hippocampus = Derived from the infolding of ventricles Spinal canal = Site of cell division for repair Olfactory epithelium = Nose and upper respiratory tract

Neurogenesis = Formation of new neurons Arborizations = Increased neural connections Dendrite formation = Increased neural surface area Reflex response = Automatic response to a stimulus

Short-term memory = lasts for seconds to hours Long-term memory = Retained for days to years Declarative memory = learning of events, places, etc. Procedural memory = learning of skilled motor movements

Hippocampus = short-term declarative memory Cerebellum = procedural memories involving motor skills Spinal cord = integration of various related stimuli Thalamus = initial processing of visual input

Withdrawal reflex = flexion of the injured extremity to withdraw from a painful stimulus Crossed extensor reflex = extension of the opposite limb to support the full weight of the body Stretch reflex = transient changes in synaptic activity Habituation = decreased responsiveness to repetitive presentations of an indifferent stimulus

Habituation = decreased responsiveness to repetitive presentations of an indifferent stimulus Sensitization = increased responsiveness to mild stimuli following a strong or noxious stimulus Consolidation = process of transferring and fixing short-term memory traces into long-term memory stores Imprinting = newborns are programmed to learn that situations and objects encountered early in life are both normal and important to life

Declarative learning = acquisition of knowledge about events, places, etc. Procedural learning = acquisition of skilled motor movements Imprinting = newborns are programmed to learn that situations and objects encountered early in life are both normal and important to life Habituation = acquisition of abilities or knowledge as a consequence of experience, instruction, or both

Spinal cord = primary function of transmitting sensory information and motor responses Cerebellum = coordination and regulation of motor movements Thalamus = initial processing of visual input Brain stem = ANS coordinating center

Short-term memory = lasts for seconds to hours Long-term memory = Retained for days to years Working memory = temporarily holds and interrelates various pieces of information Declarative memory = lasts for a lifetime

Neuroplasticity = the brain's ability to change and adapt in response to new demands Withdrawal reflex = flexion of the injured extremity to withdraw from a painful stimulus Crossed extensor reflex = extension of the opposite limb to support the full weight of the body Sensitization = increased responsiveness to mild stimuli following a strong or noxious stimulus

Activation of genes = Formation of new synaptic connections Long-Term Memory = Content stored for extended periods Sleep = Periods of minimal movement and reduced responsiveness Electroencephalogram (EEG) = Record of postsynaptic activity in cortical neurons

Behavioral responses = Responses that give rise to pleasure or punishment Learning = A change in behavior that occurs as a result of experiences Reinforcement = The process of strengthening a behavioral response Punishment = The process of weakening a behavioral response

Afferent neuron = Supplying the same skeletal muscle Efferent neuron = Terminating directly on the efferent neuron supplying the same skeletal muscle Synaptic connection = A permanent connection between neurons Postsynaptic activity = Activity in cortical neurons recorded by EEG

EEG = Clinical tool in diagnosis of cerebral dysfunction Cerebral cortex = Initial processing of visual input Thalamus = Sensory processing Hippocampus = Memory formation

Long-Term Memory formation = Involves the formation of new synaptic connections Short-Term Memory = Temporary holding and interrelating of various pieces of information Sensitization = An example of learning Reinforcement = The process of strengthening a behavioral response

Cerebral cortex = Voluntary motor activity and speaking ability Thalamus = Sensory processing Spinal cord = Voluntary motor activity and coordination Cerebellum = Motor coordination and learning

Brain stem = Control of ANS and emotions Cerebral cortex = Initial processing of visual input Thalamus = Sensory processing EEG = Record of postsynaptic activity in cortical neurons during sleep

Neuroplasticity = The brain's ability to change and adapt in response to new demands Synaptic pruning = The elimination of unnecessary synaptic connections Neurogenesis = The growth of new neurons Reinforcement learning = The process of strengthening a behavioral response

astrocytes

cytoplasmic

microscope

fibrous

Protoplasmic

CNS

interconnected

epithelial-like

processes

junctional

tapered

production

homeostatic

coordination

synaptic

maintenance

nervous

brain

31

O2

brain plasticity

glycogen

withdrawal

cortical

CNS

interneurons

CNS

efferent

withdrawal