Biology Lecture 3A: Microglial Cells

What is unique about microglia in comparison to other glial cells of the CNS?

What do microglia do when activated by products of cell damage or invading microorganisms?

What is the function of cilia and microvilli on ependymal cells?

What is the shape of ependymal cells?

What is unique about the basal lamina of ependymal cells?

What is the function of ependymal cells in certain areas?

What do the basal ends of ependymal cells do?

What is the location of ependymal cells that help move CSF?

Which brain structure is responsible for emotions, basic behavioral patterns, and motivation?

Which neurotransmitters elicit the highest rates of self-stimulation in individuals equipped with self-administering devices?

Which lobe of the cerebral cortex is responsible for initial processing of visual input?

What is the function of the brain stem in terms of ANS coordinating center?

Which type of neurotransmitter reuptake inhibitors are Duloxetine and Venlafaxine?

Which structure is responsible for voluntary motor activity and speaking ability?

What is the function of the thalamus in terms of sensory processing?

What is the term for the depiction of the location and relative amount of motor cortex devoted to output to muscles of each body part?

What is the primary function of the spinal cord in the central nervous system?

What is the role of neuroglobin in neuronal oxygen homeostasis?

Which type of nerve is responsible for transmitting sensory information from the neck region?

What is the term for the brain's ability to change and adapt in response to new demands?

What is the function of glycogen in astrocytes?

What is the term for the involuntary motor response to a stimulus, such as withdrawing a hand from a hot surface?

How many pairs of spinal nerves are there in the human body?

What is the function of the blood-brain barrier in the context of brain nourishment?

What is the result of concurrent reflex stimulation of the muscles that flex the knee and inhibition of the muscles that extend the knee?

What is an example of sensitization?

What type of memory involves the learning of events, places, and facts?

What is the process of transferring and fixing short-term memory traces into long-term memory stores?

What is the function of the hippocampus in memory formation?

What is the result of the withdrawal reflex?

What type of memory involves the learning of skilled motor movements?

What is the primary function of excitatory interneurons in the reflex arc?

What is the role of inhibitory interneurons in the reflex arc?

What is the temporary holding and interrelating of various pieces of information relevant to a current mental task?

What is the purpose of the ascending pathway in the spinal cord?

What is the purpose of the crossed extensor-withdrawal reflex?

What occurs simultaneously with the withdrawal reflex in the injured limb?

What is the result of the reflex response when an animal steps on a sharp rock fragment?

Which neurons are recruited in addition to those used for the withdrawal reflex?

What is the purpose of the spinal reflex action?

Match the following brain structures with their functions:

Match the following parts of the cerebellum with their functions:

Match the following brain structures with their roles in sleep:

Match the following brain functions with their corresponding structures:

Match the following brain structures with their roles in motor control:

Match the following brain structures with their locations:

Match the following brain functions with their corresponding structures:

Match the following brain structures with their roles in motor coordination:

Match the following parts of the spinal cord with their respective number of pairs:

Match the following brain functions with their respective descriptions:

Match the following substances with their respective roles in brain nourishment:

Match the following brain structures with their respective functions:

Match the following terms with their respective descriptions:

Match the following neurons with their respective functions:

Match the following pathways with their respective functions:

Match the following brain functions with their respective descriptions:

Match the components of the reflex arc:

Match the brain structures with their functions:

Match the sensory receptors with their stimuli:

Match the types of reflexes with their characteristics:

Match the nervous system components with their roles:

Match the neural responses with their descriptions:

Match the neural structures with their locations:

Match the neural processes with their outcomes:

Match the following types of memory with their descriptions:

Match the following neural structures with their functions in memory formation:

Match the following reflexes with their descriptions:

Match the following processes with their descriptions:

Match the following types of learning with their descriptions:

Match the following neural structures with their functions in motor control:

Match the following types of memory with their durations:

Match the following neural processes with their descriptions:

Match the following brain structures with their roles in learning:

Match the following concepts with their definitions:

Match the following neural concepts with their descriptions:

Match the following brain structures with their functions in diagnosis:

Match the following neural processes with their descriptions:

Match the following brain structures with their roles in motor control:

Match the following brain structures with their roles in sleep and unconsciousness:

Match the following neural processes with their descriptions:

The largest and most abundant glial cells are called ______.

Astrocytes are characterized by numerous ______ processes radiating from the glial cell body or soma.

Astrocytic processes are not seen with routine light ______ staining but are easily seen after gold staining.

The morphology of the processes allows astrocytes to be classified as ______ or protoplasmic.

[Blank] astrocytes have multiple processes and form perivascular feet that completely enclose all capillaries.

Astrocytes are the most abundant glial cells of the ______.

Microglia are not ______ like other glia of the CNS, they are motile cells.

Ependymal cells are ______ cells that form a single layer lining the fluid-filled ventricles and central canal of the CNS.

Microglia retract their ______ and begin phagocytosing when activated.

Ependymal cells have ______ complexes at their apical ends like those of epithelial cells.

The basal ends of ependymal cells are ______, extending processes that branch and penetrate some distance into the adjacent neuropil.

In certain areas, ependymal cells are responsible for ______ of CSF.

The brain stem plays a crucial role in the regulation of many ______ functions such as temperature control, thirst, urine output, and food intake.

The brain stem is responsible for the ______ of slow, sustained movements.

The brain stem acts as a relay station for all ______ input.

The brain stem is involved in the ______ of muscle tone.

The brain stem is an important link between the ______ and endocrine systems.

Most cranial nerves arise from the ______ stem.

The spinal cord has ______________ pairs of spinal nerves in humans.

Neuroglobin in neurons binds with ______________ for aerobic respiration.

The brain's ability to change and adapt in response to new demands is known as ______________.

Astrocytes can store ______________ for nourishment of neurons if glucose is depleted.

The involuntary motor response to a stimulus, such as withdrawing a hand from a hot surface, is known as the ______________ reflex.

The process of speaking a word seen or heard involves the ______________ pathway.

The stronger the stimulus, the greater the frequency of action potentials generated and propagated to the ______.

Once the afferent neuron enters the spinal cord, it diverges to synapse with the following different ______.

When a painful stimulus activates a receptor in the paw, action potentials are generated in the corresponding afferent pathway, which propagates the electrical signals to the ______.

Monosynaptic— Synapse is between the afferent and ______ neuron.

The ______ reflex is a reflex that occurs when a painful stimulus activates a receptor in the paw.