Biology Lecture 3A: Microglial Cells

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What is unique about microglia in comparison to other glial cells of the CNS?

They are not involved in immune surveillance.

They are not interconnected. (correct)

They are not motile cells.

They are interconnected.

What do microglia do when activated by products of cell damage or invading microorganisms?

They stop phagocytosing.

They extend their processes.

They become epithelial-like cells.

They retract their processes and behave as antigen-presenting cells. (correct)

What is the function of cilia and microvilli on ependymal cells?

To anchor the cells to the ventricle.

To aid in the production of CSF.

To increase the surface area for absorption.

To help circulate the CSF and monitor its contents. (correct)

What is the shape of ependymal cells?

Columnar or cuboidal. Signup and view all the answers

What is unique about the basal lamina of ependymal cells?

It is absent. Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of ependymal cells in certain areas?

To produce CSF. Signup and view all the answers

What do the basal ends of ependymal cells do?

They branch and penetrate into the adjacent neuropil. Signup and view all the answers

What is the location of ependymal cells that help move CSF?

Central canal of the spinal cord. Signup and view all the answers

Which brain structure is responsible for emotions, basic behavioral patterns, and motivation?

Amygdala Basal Nuclei Signup and view all the answers

Which neurotransmitters elicit the highest rates of self-stimulation in individuals equipped with self-administering devices?

Norepinephrine and Dopamine Signup and view all the answers

Which lobe of the cerebral cortex is responsible for initial processing of visual input?

Occipital Lobe Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the brain stem in terms of ANS coordinating center?

Serves as a major ANS coordinating center Signup and view all the answers

Which type of neurotransmitter reuptake inhibitors are Duloxetine and Venlafaxine?

SNRIs Signup and view all the answers

Which structure is responsible for voluntary motor activity and speaking ability?

Frontal Lobe Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the thalamus in terms of sensory processing?

Performs both primitive sensory processing and serves as a relay station Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the depiction of the location and relative amount of motor cortex devoted to output to muscles of each body part?

Motor homunculus Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the spinal cord in the central nervous system?

To act as a neuronal link between the brain and the peripheral nervous system Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of neuroglobin in neuronal oxygen homeostasis?

To bind to oxygen for aerobic respiration Signup and view all the answers

Which type of nerve is responsible for transmitting sensory information from the neck region?

Cervical nerves Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the brain's ability to change and adapt in response to new demands?

Brain plasticity Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of glycogen in astrocytes?

To provide a backup source of energy for neurons during times of glucose depletion Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the involuntary motor response to a stimulus, such as withdrawing a hand from a hot surface?

Withdrawal reflex Signup and view all the answers

How many pairs of spinal nerves are there in the human body?

31 pairs Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the blood-brain barrier in the context of brain nourishment?

To control the entry of substances into the brain Signup and view all the answers

What is the result of concurrent reflex stimulation of the muscles that flex the knee and inhibition of the muscles that extend the knee?

Unimpeded bending of the injured extremity’s knee Signup and view all the answers

What is an example of sensitization?

Increased responsiveness to mild stimuli following a strong or noxious stimulus Signup and view all the answers

What type of memory involves the learning of events, places, and facts?

Explicit memory Signup and view all the answers

What is the process of transferring and fixing short-term memory traces into long-term memory stores?

Consolidation Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the hippocampus in memory formation?

Integration of various related stimuli in short-term declarative memory Signup and view all the answers

What is the result of the withdrawal reflex?

Flexion of the injured extremity Signup and view all the answers

What type of memory involves the learning of skilled motor movements?

Procedural memory Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of excitatory interneurons in the reflex arc?

To stimulate the efferent motor neurons for flexion of the biceps Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of inhibitory interneurons in the reflex arc?

To prevent counterproductive contraction of the triceps muscle Signup and view all the answers

What is the temporary holding and interrelating of various pieces of information relevant to a current mental task?

Working memory Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of the ascending pathway in the spinal cord?

To transmit pain signals to the brain for awareness and memory storage Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of the crossed extensor-withdrawal reflex?

To extend the opposite limb to bear the weight of the body Signup and view all the answers

What occurs simultaneously with the withdrawal reflex in the injured limb?

Extension of the opposite limb to bear weight Signup and view all the answers

What is the result of the reflex response when an animal steps on a sharp rock fragment?

All of the above Signup and view all the answers

Which neurons are recruited in addition to those used for the withdrawal reflex?

Neurons that control extension of the opposite limb Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of the spinal reflex action?

To ensure coordinated movement and balance Signup and view all the answers

Match the following brain structures with their functions:

Cerebellum = Maintains proper position of the body in space and subconscious coordination of motor activities Reticular formation = Receives and integrates all incoming sensory synaptic input Brain stem = Regulates muscle reflexes involved in equilibrium and posture Limbic System = Governs emotions, basic behavioral patterns, and motivation Signup and view all the answers

Match the following parts of the cerebellum with their functions:

Vestibulocerebellum = Maintaining balance and controlling eye movements Spinocerebellum = Enhancing muscle tone and coordinating skilled, voluntary movements Cerebrum = Processing sensory information and controlling movement Brain stem = Regulating muscle reflexes involved in equilibrium and posture Signup and view all the answers

Match the following brain structures with their roles in sleep:

Brain stem = Regulating sleep and wakefulness Hypothalamus = Promoting slow-wave sleep Cerebrum = Processing sensory information and controlling movement Cerebellum = Maintaining proper position of the body in space and subconscious coordination of motor activities Signup and view all the answers

Match the following brain functions with their corresponding structures:

Regulating muscle reflexes = Brain stem Maintaining proper position of the body in space = Cerebellum Processing sensory information = Cerebrum Governing emotions and motivation = Limbic System Signup and view all the answers

Match the following brain structures with their roles in motor control:

Cerebellum = Subconscious coordination of motor activities Brain stem = Regulating muscle reflexes involved in equilibrium and posture Cerebrum = Processing sensory information and controlling movement Limbic System = Governing emotions, basic behavioral patterns, and motivation Signup and view all the answers

Match the following brain structures with their locations:

Cerebellum = Attached at top rear portion of brain stem Brain stem = Connecting the cerebrum to the spinal cord Hypothalamus = Located below the thalamus Limbic System = Located in the center of the brain Signup and view all the answers

Match the following brain functions with their corresponding structures:

Maintaining balance and controlling eye movements = Vestibulocerebellum Enhancing muscle tone and coordinating skilled, voluntary movements = Spinocerebellum Regulating muscle reflexes involved in equilibrium and posture = Brain stem Governing emotions, basic behavioral patterns, and motivation = Limbic System Signup and view all the answers

Match the following brain structures with their roles in motor coordination:

Cerebellum = Subconscious coordination of motor activities Brain stem = Regulating muscle reflexes involved in equilibrium and posture Cerebrum = Processing sensory information and controlling movement Limbic System = Governing emotions, basic behavioral patterns, and motivation Signup and view all the answers

Match the following parts of the spinal cord with their respective number of pairs:

Cervical nerves = 8 pairs Thoracic nerves = 12 pairs Lumbar nerves = 5 pairs Coccygeal nerves = 1 pair Signup and view all the answers

Match the following brain functions with their respective descriptions:

Brain Plasticity = Brain changes or is functionally remodeled in response to demands placed on it. Reflex = Involuntary motor response to a stimulus, such as withdrawing a hand from a hot surface. Cortical pathway = Pathway for speaking a word seen or heard. Integrating center = Center for spinal reflexes Signup and view all the answers

Match the following substances with their respective roles in brain nourishment:

O2 = Oxidize to glucose for aerobic respiration Glucose = Primary source of energy for neurons Neuroglobin = Binds to O2 in neurons for aerobic respiration Glycogen = Stored in astrocytes for neuronal nourishment Signup and view all the answers

Match the following brain structures with their respective functions:

Spinal cord = Integrating center for spinal reflexes Brain stem = Coordinating center for ANS Thalamus = Sensory processing Cerebral cortex = Initial processing of visual input Signup and view all the answers

Match the following terms with their respective descriptions:

Withdrawal Reflex = Involuntary motor response to a stimulus, such as withdrawing a hand from a hot surface. Brain Plasticity = Brain changes or is functionally remodeled in response to demands placed on it. Sensitization = Example of heightened response to a stimulus Hippocampus = Formation of long-term memory stores Signup and view all the answers

Match the following neurons with their respective functions:

Excitatory interneurons = Primary function in the reflex arc Inhibitory interneurons = Role in regulating the reflex response Neuroglobin = Binds to O2 in neurons for aerobic respiration Astrocytes = Storing glycogen for neuronal nourishment Signup and view all the answers

Match the following pathways with their respective functions:

Ascending pathway = Transmitting sensory information to the brain Cortical pathway = Pathway for speaking a word seen or heard Crossed extensor-withdrawal reflex = Reflex response to a stimulus in the opposite limb Reflex arc = Involuntary motor response to a stimulus Signup and view all the answers

Match the following brain functions with their respective descriptions:

Short-term memory = Temporary holding and interrelating of various pieces of information Long-term memory = Learning of events, places, and facts Motor memory = Learning of skilled motor movements Working memory = Temporary holding and interrelating of various pieces of information Signup and view all the answers

Match the components of the reflex arc:

Receptor = Sends signals to the CNS Afferent pathway = Carries signals from receptors to the CNS Integrating center = Processes sensory information Effector = Responds to the stimulus Signup and view all the answers

Match the brain structures with their functions:

Hippocampus = Role in memory formation Hypothalamus = Regulation of bodily cycles Spinal canal = Cell division for repairing neural damage Olfactory epithelium = Detection of smells Signup and view all the answers

Match the sensory receptors with their stimuli:

Warmth receptors = Detect temperature increases Cold receptors = Detect temperature decreases Pressure receptors = Detect mechanical pressure Pain receptors = Detect harmful stimuli Signup and view all the answers

Match the types of reflexes with their characteristics:

Simple reflexes = Built-in, unlearned responses Acquired reflexes = Result of practice and learning Conditioned reflexes = Learned response to a stimulus Unconditional reflexes = Innate response to a stimulus Signup and view all the answers

Match the nervous system components with their roles:

Dendrites = Receive signals from other neurons Axons = Transmit signals to other neurons or effectors Neurogenesis = Formation of new neurons Arborizations = Branching of dendrites Signup and view all the answers

Match the neural responses with their descriptions:

Withdrawal reflex = Automatic response to a painful stimulus Reflex arc = Neural pathway for reflexes Neurogenesis = Formation of new neurons Sensitization = Increased response to a stimulus Signup and view all the answers

Match the neural structures with their locations:

Subventricular zone = Lateral ventricles Hippocampus = Derived from the infolding of ventricles Spinal canal = Site of cell division for repair Olfactory epithelium = Nose and upper respiratory tract Signup and view all the answers

Match the neural processes with their outcomes:

Neurogenesis = Formation of new neurons Arborizations = Increased neural connections Dendrite formation = Increased neural surface area Reflex response = Automatic response to a stimulus Signup and view all the answers

Match the following types of memory with their descriptions:

Short-term memory = lasts for seconds to hours Long-term memory = Retained for days to years Declarative memory = learning of events, places, etc. Procedural memory = learning of skilled motor movements Signup and view all the answers

Match the following neural structures with their functions in memory formation:

Hippocampus = short-term declarative memory Cerebellum = procedural memories involving motor skills Spinal cord = integration of various related stimuli Thalamus = initial processing of visual input Signup and view all the answers

Match the following reflexes with their descriptions:

Withdrawal reflex = flexion of the injured extremity to withdraw from a painful stimulus Crossed extensor reflex = extension of the opposite limb to support the full weight of the body Stretch reflex = transient changes in synaptic activity Habituation = decreased responsiveness to repetitive presentations of an indifferent stimulus Signup and view all the answers

Match the following processes with their descriptions:

Habituation = decreased responsiveness to repetitive presentations of an indifferent stimulus Sensitization = increased responsiveness to mild stimuli following a strong or noxious stimulus Consolidation = process of transferring and fixing short-term memory traces into long-term memory stores Imprinting = newborns are programmed to learn that situations and objects encountered early in life are both normal and important to life Signup and view all the answers

Match the following types of learning with their descriptions:

Declarative learning = acquisition of knowledge about events, places, etc. Procedural learning = acquisition of skilled motor movements Imprinting = newborns are programmed to learn that situations and objects encountered early in life are both normal and important to life Habituation = acquisition of abilities or knowledge as a consequence of experience, instruction, or both Signup and view all the answers

Match the following neural structures with their functions in motor control:

Spinal cord = primary function of transmitting sensory information and motor responses Cerebellum = coordination and regulation of motor movements Thalamus = initial processing of visual input Brain stem = ANS coordinating center Signup and view all the answers

Match the following types of memory with their durations:

Short-term memory = lasts for seconds to hours Long-term memory = Retained for days to years Working memory = temporarily holds and interrelates various pieces of information Declarative memory = lasts for a lifetime Signup and view all the answers

Match the following neural processes with their descriptions:

Neuroplasticity = the brain's ability to change and adapt in response to new demands Withdrawal reflex = flexion of the injured extremity to withdraw from a painful stimulus Crossed extensor reflex = extension of the opposite limb to support the full weight of the body Sensitization = increased responsiveness to mild stimuli following a strong or noxious stimulus Signup and view all the answers

Match the following brain structures with their roles in learning:

Activation of genes = Formation of new synaptic connections Long-Term Memory = Content stored for extended periods Sleep = Periods of minimal movement and reduced responsiveness Electroencephalogram (EEG) = Record of postsynaptic activity in cortical neurons Signup and view all the answers

Match the following concepts with their definitions:

Behavioral responses = Responses that give rise to pleasure or punishment Learning = A change in behavior that occurs as a result of experiences Reinforcement = The process of strengthening a behavioral response Punishment = The process of weakening a behavioral response Signup and view all the answers

Match the following neural concepts with their descriptions:

Afferent neuron = Supplying the same skeletal muscle Efferent neuron = Terminating directly on the efferent neuron supplying the same skeletal muscle Synaptic connection = A permanent connection between neurons Postsynaptic activity = Activity in cortical neurons recorded by EEG Signup and view all the answers

Match the following brain structures with their functions in diagnosis:

EEG = Clinical tool in diagnosis of cerebral dysfunction Cerebral cortex = Initial processing of visual input Thalamus = Sensory processing Hippocampus = Memory formation Signup and view all the answers

Match the following neural processes with their descriptions:

Long-Term Memory formation = Involves the formation of new synaptic connections Short-Term Memory = Temporary holding and interrelating of various pieces of information Sensitization = An example of learning Reinforcement = The process of strengthening a behavioral response Signup and view all the answers

Match the following brain structures with their roles in motor control:

Cerebral cortex = Voluntary motor activity and speaking ability Thalamus = Sensory processing Spinal cord = Voluntary motor activity and coordination Cerebellum = Motor coordination and learning Signup and view all the answers

Match the following brain structures with their roles in sleep and unconsciousness:

Brain stem = Control of ANS and emotions Cerebral cortex = Initial processing of visual input Thalamus = Sensory processing EEG = Record of postsynaptic activity in cortical neurons during sleep Signup and view all the answers

Match the following neural processes with their descriptions:

Neuroplasticity = The brain's ability to change and adapt in response to new demands Synaptic pruning = The elimination of unnecessary synaptic connections Neurogenesis = The growth of new neurons Reinforcement learning = The process of strengthening a behavioral response Signup and view all the answers

The largest and most abundant glial cells are called ______.

astrocytes Signup and view all the answers

Astrocytes are characterized by numerous ______ processes radiating from the glial cell body or soma.

cytoplasmic Signup and view all the answers

Astrocytic processes are not seen with routine light ______ staining but are easily seen after gold staining.

microscope Signup and view all the answers

The morphology of the processes allows astrocytes to be classified as ______ or protoplasmic.

fibrous Signup and view all the answers

[Blank] astrocytes have multiple processes and form perivascular feet that completely enclose all capillaries.

Protoplasmic Signup and view all the answers

Astrocytes are the most abundant glial cells of the ______.

CNS Signup and view all the answers

Microglia are not ______ like other glia of the CNS, they are motile cells.

interconnected Signup and view all the answers

Ependymal cells are ______ cells that form a single layer lining the fluid-filled ventricles and central canal of the CNS.

epithelial-like Signup and view all the answers

Microglia retract their ______ and begin phagocytosing when activated.

processes Signup and view all the answers

Ependymal cells have ______ complexes at their apical ends like those of epithelial cells.

junctional Signup and view all the answers

The basal ends of ependymal cells are ______, extending processes that branch and penetrate some distance into the adjacent neuropil.

tapered Signup and view all the answers

In certain areas, ependymal cells are responsible for ______ of CSF.

production Signup and view all the answers

The brain stem plays a crucial role in the regulation of many ______ functions such as temperature control, thirst, urine output, and food intake.

homeostatic Signup and view all the answers

The brain stem is responsible for the ______ of slow, sustained movements.

coordination Signup and view all the answers

The brain stem acts as a relay station for all ______ input.

synaptic Signup and view all the answers

The brain stem is involved in the ______ of muscle tone.

maintenance Signup and view all the answers

The brain stem is an important link between the ______ and endocrine systems.

nervous Signup and view all the answers

Most cranial nerves arise from the ______ stem.

brain Signup and view all the answers

The spinal cord has ______________ pairs of spinal nerves in humans.

31 Signup and view all the answers

Neuroglobin in neurons binds with ______________ for aerobic respiration.

O2 Signup and view all the answers

The brain's ability to change and adapt in response to new demands is known as ______________.

brain plasticity Signup and view all the answers

Astrocytes can store ______________ for nourishment of neurons if glucose is depleted.

glycogen Signup and view all the answers

The involuntary motor response to a stimulus, such as withdrawing a hand from a hot surface, is known as the ______________ reflex.

withdrawal Signup and view all the answers

The process of speaking a word seen or heard involves the ______________ pathway.

cortical Signup and view all the answers

The stronger the stimulus, the greater the frequency of action potentials generated and propagated to the ______.

CNS Signup and view all the answers

Once the afferent neuron enters the spinal cord, it diverges to synapse with the following different ______.

interneurons Signup and view all the answers

When a painful stimulus activates a receptor in the paw, action potentials are generated in the corresponding afferent pathway, which propagates the electrical signals to the ______.

CNS Signup and view all the answers

Monosynaptic— Synapse is between the afferent and ______ neuron.

efferent Signup and view all the answers

The ______ reflex is a reflex that occurs when a painful stimulus activates a receptor in the paw.

withdrawal Signup and view all the answers

Biology Lecture 3A: Microglial Cells

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Questions and Answers

What is unique about microglia in comparison to other glial cells of the CNS?

What do microglia do when activated by products of cell damage or invading microorganisms?

What is the function of cilia and microvilli on ependymal cells?

What is the shape of ependymal cells?

What is unique about the basal lamina of ependymal cells?

What is the function of ependymal cells in certain areas?

What do the basal ends of ependymal cells do?

What is the location of ependymal cells that help move CSF?

Which brain structure is responsible for emotions, basic behavioral patterns, and motivation?

Which neurotransmitters elicit the highest rates of self-stimulation in individuals equipped with self-administering devices?

Which lobe of the cerebral cortex is responsible for initial processing of visual input?

What is the function of the brain stem in terms of ANS coordinating center?

Which type of neurotransmitter reuptake inhibitors are Duloxetine and Venlafaxine?

Which structure is responsible for voluntary motor activity and speaking ability?

What is the function of the thalamus in terms of sensory processing?

What is the term for the depiction of the location and relative amount of motor cortex devoted to output to muscles of each body part?

What is the primary function of the spinal cord in the central nervous system?

What is the role of neuroglobin in neuronal oxygen homeostasis?

Which type of nerve is responsible for transmitting sensory information from the neck region?

What is the term for the brain's ability to change and adapt in response to new demands?

What is the function of glycogen in astrocytes?

What is the term for the involuntary motor response to a stimulus, such as withdrawing a hand from a hot surface?

How many pairs of spinal nerves are there in the human body?

What is the function of the blood-brain barrier in the context of brain nourishment?

What is the result of concurrent reflex stimulation of the muscles that flex the knee and inhibition of the muscles that extend the knee?

What is an example of sensitization?

What type of memory involves the learning of events, places, and facts?

What is the process of transferring and fixing short-term memory traces into long-term memory stores?

What is the function of the hippocampus in memory formation?

What is the result of the withdrawal reflex?

What type of memory involves the learning of skilled motor movements?

What is the primary function of excitatory interneurons in the reflex arc?

What is the role of inhibitory interneurons in the reflex arc?

What is the temporary holding and interrelating of various pieces of information relevant to a current mental task?

What is the purpose of the ascending pathway in the spinal cord?

What is the purpose of the crossed extensor-withdrawal reflex?

What occurs simultaneously with the withdrawal reflex in the injured limb?

What is the result of the reflex response when an animal steps on a sharp rock fragment?

Which neurons are recruited in addition to those used for the withdrawal reflex?

What is the purpose of the spinal reflex action?

Match the following brain structures with their functions:

Match the following parts of the cerebellum with their functions:

Match the following brain structures with their roles in sleep:

Match the following brain functions with their corresponding structures:

Match the following brain structures with their roles in motor control:

Match the following brain structures with their locations:

Match the following brain functions with their corresponding structures:

Match the following brain structures with their roles in motor coordination:

Match the following parts of the spinal cord with their respective number of pairs:

Match the following brain functions with their respective descriptions:

Match the following substances with their respective roles in brain nourishment:

Match the following brain structures with their respective functions:

Match the following terms with their respective descriptions:

Match the following neurons with their respective functions:

Match the following pathways with their respective functions:

Match the following brain functions with their respective descriptions:

Match the components of the reflex arc:

Match the brain structures with their functions:

Match the sensory receptors with their stimuli:

Match the types of reflexes with their characteristics:

Match the nervous system components with their roles:

Match the neural responses with their descriptions:

Match the neural structures with their locations:

Match the neural processes with their outcomes:

Match the following types of memory with their descriptions:

Match the following neural structures with their functions in memory formation:

Match the following reflexes with their descriptions:

Match the following processes with their descriptions:

Match the following types of learning with their descriptions:

Match the following neural structures with their functions in motor control:

Match the following types of memory with their durations:

Match the following neural processes with their descriptions:

Match the following brain structures with their roles in learning:

Match the following concepts with their definitions:

Match the following neural concepts with their descriptions:

Match the following brain structures with their functions in diagnosis: