Biology Key Terms and Concepts

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Questions and Answers

What does renal mean?

Relating to the kidneys

What is the process of removing wastes from the body called?

Excretion

What is filtration?

The act of separating solid matter from a liquid

What chemical is produced from the breakdown of proteins?

Urea Signup and view all the answers

What is DNA?

A complex molecule containing the genetic information that makes up the chromosomes Signup and view all the answers

What are chromosomes?

Threadlike structures made of DNA molecules that contain the genes Signup and view all the answers

What are gametes?

Reproductive cells Signup and view all the answers

What are the female sex chromosomes?

XX Signup and view all the answers

What does MRS GREN stand for?

Movement, Reproduction, Sensitivity, Growth, Respiration, Excretion, Nutrition (A), Movement, Reproduction, Sensitivity, Growth, Respiration, Excretion, Nutrition (C) Signup and view all the answers

Which of these is NOT a part of the kidney?

Pancreas (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the kidneys?

To filter out wastes and excess water from blood Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a component of urine?

Glucose (B) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a cause of kidney failure?

Both A and B (C) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a treatment for kidney failure?

All of the above (D) Signup and view all the answers

Which of these is NOT a part of the female reproductive organs?

Prostate (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is the uterus?

The womb. The organ that holds the embryo/fetus as it develops. Signup and view all the answers

What is the fallopian tube?

A tube that connects the ovary to the uterus, where fertilization happens Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a part of the egg cell?

Acrosome (A) Signup and view all the answers

What are egg cells and sperm cells examples of?

Gametes (reproductive cells) Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of the yolk in an egg cell?

Produces energy for division Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of the nucleus in an egg cell?

Usually has 23 chromosomes, contains half of the genetic information needed to make a baby Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the jelly coat in an egg cell?

Protects the egg and gives sperm nutrients when it passes through Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the cortical granules in an egg cell?

Hardens after a sperm cell has passed through to stop more sperm cells from entering the egg Signup and view all the answers

Which of these is NOT a part of the sperm cell?

Cortical granules (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of the tail in a sperm cell?

Used to help the sperm swim Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the mid-piece in a sperm cell?

Contains mitochondria for energy production Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the nucleus in a sperm cell?

Contains 23 chromosomes for reproduction Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of the acrosome in a sperm cell?

Helps the sperm fertilise an egg Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following can affect pregnancy?

All of the above (D) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a potential problem with pregnancy?

Birth defects (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is a miscarriage?

The death of an embryo or fetus in the first 20 weeks of pregnancy Signup and view all the answers

What is a premature baby?

A baby born before 37 weeks Signup and view all the answers

What is low birth weight?

Babies who weigh less than 5 pounds, 8 ounces at birth Signup and view all the answers

What is a birth defect?

Problems babies are born with which threaten their health or ability to live Signup and view all the answers

What is phenotype?

Physical characteristics of an organism Signup and view all the answers

Why is chromosome 23 significant?

It determines the sex (gender) of the baby Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Key Biological Terms

Renal: Relating to the kidneys
Excretion: Removal of waste from the body
Filtration: Separating solid matter from a liquid
Urea: A chemical waste product from protein breakdown
DNA: Deoxyribonucleic acid; carries genetic information
Chromosomes: Thread-like structures of DNA containing genes
Gametes: Reproductive cells (sperm and egg)
XX: Female sex chromosomes
XY: Male sex chromosomes
MRS GREN: Mnemonic for the life processes: Movement, Respiration, Sensitivity, Growth, Reproduction, Excretion, Nutrition
Kidney Parts: Renal artery, renal vein, ureter, cortex, and medulla
Kidney Function: Filtering waste and excess water from the blood
Urine Composition: Water, urea, and salts
Kidney Failure Causes: High blood pressure and diabetes
Kidney Failure Treatments: Dialysis and transplant
Female Reproductive Organs: Fallopian tubes, uterus, vagina, cervix, ovaries
Uterus: Womb, where the fetus develops
Fallopian Tube: Connects ovary to uterus; site of fertilization
Cervix: Entrance to the uterus
Ovaries: Produce egg cells and hormones
Male Reproductive Organs: Prostate, urethra, sperm duct, testes, penis, foreskin
Egg Cell Parts: Jelly coat, yolk, cortical granules, nucleus
Sperm Cell Parts: Tail, mid-piece, nucleus, acrosome
Yolk (egg cell): Provides energy for early development
Nucleus (egg cell): Contains half the genetic material
Jelly Coat (egg cell): Protects egg and feeds sperm
Cortical Granules (egg cell): Hardens the egg after fertilization
Tail (sperm cell): Enables movement
Mid-piece (sperm cell): Contains mitochondria for energy
Nucleus (sperm cell): Contains the genetic material
Acrosome (sperm cell): Aids in fertilization
Pregnancy Affecting Factors: Alcohol, smoking, and drugs
Pregnancy Problems: Miscarriage, premature birth, low birth weight, birth defects
Miscarriage: Embryo/fetus death in early pregnancy
Premature baby: Born before 37 weeks
Low birth weight: Less than 5lb 8oz at birth
Birth defect: Health or life-threatening problem at birth
Phenotype: Observable physical characteristics
Genotype: Genetic makeup
Chromosome 23 Significance: Determines the sex of the offspring
Heterozygous: Two different alleles for a trait
Homozygous: Two identical alleles for a trait
Alleles: Different versions of a gene

Chemistry & Atomic Structure

Isotopes: Atoms of the same element with different numbers of neutrons
Periodic Table Arrangement (historical): Ordered by atomic weight
Mendeleev: Organized the periodic table, leaving spaces for undiscovered elements
Periodic Table Groups: Indicate the number of electrons in the outermost shell
Periodic Table Periods: Indicate the number of electron shells
Density: Mass per unit volume
Volume Increase and Density: Increased volume results in decreased density
Shape Effect on Density: Shape affects density only if the volume changes
Density and Sinking: Increased density leads to sinking
Group 1 (Periodic Table): Alkali metals
Group 1 Reactivity Trend: Reactivity increases down the group
Group 1 Valence Electrons: One valence electron in each element
Group 1 General Properties: Soft, low density, reactive, conduct electricity
Group 1 Melting/Boiling Point Trend: Decreases down the group
Group 1 Density Trend: Increases down the group
Group 1 Reaction with Water: Forms alkali and hydrogen
Group 7 (Periodic Table): Halogens
Group 7 Properties: Diatomic, nonmetals, 7 valence electrons, share electrons
Group 7 Reactivity Trend: Reactivity decreases down the group
Group 7 Density Trend: Increases down the group
Group 7 Melting/Boiling Point Trend: Increases down the group
Shielding Effect: Inner electrons shield outer electrons from nuclear pull
Noble Gases Properties: Unreactive, colorless, odorless, monatomic
Giant Structures: Covalent bonding; strong electrostatic attraction
Graphite Softeness: Layers that can slide over each other
Diploids: Cells with two sets of chromosomes
Haploids: Cells with one set of chromosomes
Dominant Alleles: Always expressed when present
Recessive Alleles: Only expressed when two copies are present

Additional Concepts

Noble Gases (existence): Monatomic
Halogens (existence): Diatomic
Diamond Uses: Jewelry, industrial tools
Silicon Dioxide Uses: Insulators, concrete, glass
Silicon Dioxide Structures: Different arrangements lead to weak structures
Simple Covalent Molecules Properties: Low melting/boiling points, non-conductive, often gaseous/liquid
Relative Mass Formula: Sum of the masses of all atoms

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Description

This quiz covers essential biological terms related to renal function, genetics, and reproductive systems. You will explore key concepts such as excretion, filtration, and the structure of DNA. Test your knowledge of how these terms relate to the overall functioning of living organisms.