Biology Introduction

Biology is the scientific study of life and living organisms.
It encompasses the structure, function, growth, evolution, distribution, and taxonomy of all living things.

Botany: study of plants and plant-like organisms.
Zoology: study of animals and animal-like organisms.
Microbiology: study of microorganisms, such as bacteria and viruses.
Ecology: study of the interactions between organisms and their environment.
Genetics: study of heredity, genes, and genetic variation.
Biochemistry: study of the chemical processes that occur within living organisms.
Molecular Biology: study of the structure, function, and interactions of biological molecules.

Molecules: biological molecules, such as DNA, proteins, and carbohydrates.
Organelles: specialized structures within cells, such as mitochondria and chloroplasts.
Cells: the basic structural and functional units of life.
Tissues: groups of similar cells that perform a specific function.
Organs: structures composed of two or more types of tissues that work together to perform a specific function.
Organ Systems: groups of organs that work together to maintain homeostasis and perform specific functions.
Organisms: individual living things, such as plants and animals.
Populations: groups of individuals of the same species that live in a specific area.
Communities: groups of different species that live in a specific area.
Ecosystems: interactions between living and non-living components of an environment.
Biosphere: the global sum of all ecosystems on Earth.

Photosynthesis: process by which plants and some other organisms convert light energy into chemical energy.
Cellular Respiration: process by which cells generate energy from glucose.
Mitosis: process of cell division that results in two identical daughter cells.
Meiosis: process of cell division that results in four non-identical daughter cells with half the number of chromosomes.
Homeostasis: ability of an organism to maintain a stable internal environment despite changes in the external environment.
Evolution: change in the frequency of genes in a population over time.

DNA (Deoxyribonucleic acid): molecule that contains genetic information.
RNA (Ribonucleic acid): molecule involved in protein synthesis and other cellular processes.
Proteins: molecules composed of amino acids that perform a wide range of functions.
Carbohydrates: molecules composed of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen that provide energy and structure.
Lipids: molecules composed of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen that provide energy and structure.

Microscopy: use of microscopes to observe and study microscopic structures.
Chromatography: technique used to separate and identify molecules based on their properties.
Electrophoresis: technique used to separate and identify molecules based on their charge and size.
PCR (Polymerase Chain Reaction): technique used to amplify specific DNA sequences.
Genetic Engineering: technique used to modify an organism's genome by introducing foreign DNA.

Biology encompasses the study of life, exploring structure, function, growth, evolution, distribution, and taxonomy of living organisms.

Botany: Focuses on plants and plant-like organisms.
Zoology: Examines animals and animal-like organisms.
Microbiology: Investigates microorganisms, including bacteria and viruses.
Ecology: Analyzes interactions between organisms and their environment.
Genetics: Explores heredity, genes, and genetic variation.
Biochemistry: Studies chemical processes that sustain life within organisms.
Molecular Biology: Examines the structure and function of biological molecules and their interactions.

Molecules: Includes biological entities like DNA, proteins, and carbohydrates.
Organelles: Specialized structures within cells, e.g., mitochondria, chloroplasts.
Cells: The basic units of life with structural and functional integrity.
Tissues: Collections of similar cells performing specific functions.
Organs: Composed of two or more tissue types working together for specific tasks.
Organ Systems: Groups of organs collaborating to maintain homeostasis and perform functions.
Organisms: Individual life forms, including plants and animals.
Populations: Groups of the same species residing in a specific area.
Communities: Various species coexisting in a particular region.
Ecosystems: Interactions between living (biotic) and non-living (abiotic) components.
Biosphere: The global collection of all ecosystems on Earth.

Photosynthesis: Conversion of light energy into chemical energy by plants.
Cellular Respiration: Energy production process from glucose within cells.
Mitosis: Cell division yielding two identical daughter cells.
Meiosis: Cell division producing four non-identical daughter cells with half the chromosome count.
Homeostasis: The capacity of organisms to maintain stable internal conditions despite external fluctuations.
Evolution: Changes in gene frequency in populations over successive generations.

DNA (Deoxyribonucleic acid): Contains genetic blueprints for life.
RNA (Ribonucleic acid): Critical for protein synthesis and various cellular roles.
Proteins: Comprised of amino acids, serving multifarious functions in organisms.
Carbohydrates: Energy-providing molecules composed of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen.
Lipids: Structural and energy-rich molecules consisting of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen.

Microscopy: Observes microscopic structures using lenses for magnification.
Chromatography: Separates and identifies molecules based on physical and chemical properties.
Electrophoresis: Differentiates molecules by size and charge.
PCR (Polymerase Chain Reaction): Amplifies specific DNA sequences for genetic analysis.
Genetic Engineering: Modifies organisms by incorporating foreign DNA to alter genetic features.