Biology in NCERT Class 11 - Key Concepts

Biology in NCERT Class 11 - Key Concepts

Unit 1: Diversity in Living World

• Classification of Organisms:

  • Five Kingdom System: Monera, Protista, Fungi, Plantae, Animalia
  • Basis of classification: morphological, anatomical, physiological, and genetic criteria.

• Taxonomy:

  • Definition: Science of naming (nomenclature) and classifying organisms.
  • Hierarchical classification: Domain, Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, Species.

Unit 2: Structural Organization in Animals and Plants

• Animal Tissues:

  • Epithelial, Connective, Muscular, Nervous tissue.
  • Functions and characteristics of each tissue type.

• Plant Tissues:

  • Meristematic (Apical, Lateral, Intercalary) and Permanent tissues (Simple – Parenchyma, Collenchyma, Sclerenchyma; Complex – Xylem, Phloem).
  • Types of roots: Taproot and fibrous.

Unit 3: Cell Structure and Function

• Cell Theory:

  • Fundamental unit of life, all living organisms are composed of cells.

• Cell Organelles:

  • Nucleus, Mitochondria, Endoplasmic Reticulum, Golgi Apparatus, Lysosomes, Ribosomes, Chloroplasts.

• Cell Membrane:

  • Structure: Phospholipid bilayer, cholesterol, proteins.
  • Functions: Selective permeability, transport of substances.

Unit 4: Plant Physiology

• Photosynthesis:

  • Process: Conversion of light energy into chemical energy.
  • Importance of chlorophyll and sunlight.

• Respiration:

  • Cellular respiration types: Aerobic and anaerobic.
  • Importance of ATP in energy transfer.

• Transport in Plants:

  • Xylem (water/minerals) and Phloem (food).
  • Mechanisms: Transpiration pull, root pressure.

Unit 5: Human Physiology

• Digestive System:

  • Organs: Mouth, Esophagus, Stomach, Small intestine, Large intestine.
  • Functions: Digestion and absorption of nutrients.

• Circulatory System:

  • Components: Heart, blood vessels (arteries, veins, capillaries), blood.
  • Function: Transport of substances, immune response.

• Excretory System:

  • Organs: Kidneys, ureters, bladder, urethra.
  • Function: Removal of waste products, regulation of water balance.

Unit 6: Reproduction

• Types of Reproduction:

  • Asexual (binary fission, budding, fragmentation) and sexual reproduction.

• Human Reproductive System:

  • Male and female reproductive structures.
  • Process of gametogenesis: Spermatogenesis and oogenesis.

Unit 7: Genetics and Evolution

• Mendelian Genetics:

  • Laws of inheritance: Law of segregation, Law of independent assortment.

• Evolution:

  • Natural selection, genetic drift, and speciation concepts.
  • Mechanisms of evolution: Mutation, migration, population.

Key Takeaways

• Understanding the classification, structure, and function of living organisms is crucial.
• Key physiological processes in plants and humans showcase the complexity of systems sustaining life.
• Genetics and evolution provide insight into biodiversity and the mechanisms behind species development.

Classification of Organisms

• Five Kingdom System classifies organisms into Monera, Protista, Fungi, Plantae, and Animalia.
• Classification considers morphology, anatomy, physiology, and genetics.

Taxonomy

• The science of naming and classifying organisms.
• Hierarchical classification ranks organisms from Domain to Species.

Animal Tissues

• Epithelial tissue provides a covering or lining, Connective tissue binds and supports, Muscular tissue enables movement, and Nervous tissue transmits impulses.

Plant Tissues

• Meristematic tissues are responsible for growth, with Apical, Lateral, and Intercalary types.
• Permanent tissues are differentiated cells with various functions, including Parenchyma, Collenchyma, Sclerenchyma, Xylem, and Phloem.

Cell Theory

• Cells are the fundamental units of life, comprising all living organisms.

Cell Organelles

• Key organelles include the Nucleus (genetic material), Mitochondria (energy production), Endoplasmic Reticulum (synthesis), Golgi Apparatus (packaging), Lysosomes (digestion), Ribosomes (protein synthesis), and Chloroplasts (photosynthesis).

Cell Membrane

• Phospholipid bilayer structure with cholesterol and proteins.
• Functions: Selective permeability and transport of substances across the membrane.

Photosynthesis

• Converts light energy into chemical energy, utilizing chlorophyll and sunlight.

Respiration

• Cellular respiration occurs in Aerobic (with oxygen) and Anaerobic (without oxygen) forms.
• ATP is crucial for energy transfer in cells.

Transport in Plants

• Xylem transports water and minerals, and Phloem transports food.
• Transpiration pull and root pressure drive the movement of fluids in plants.

Digestive System

• Includes Mouth, Esophagus, Stomach, Small intestine, and Large intestine.
• Functions: Digestion and absorption of nutrients.

Circulatory System

• Comprises Heart, blood vessels (arteries, veins, capillaries), and blood.
• Responsible for transport of substances and immune response.

Excretory System

• Organs: Kidneys, ureters, bladder, and urethra.
• Removes waste products and regulates water balance.

Types of Reproduction

• Asexual reproduction includes binary fission, budding, and fragmentation.
• Sexual reproduction involves the fusion of gametes.

Human Reproductive System

• Male and female reproductive structures are responsible for gamete production.
• Gametogenesis involves Spermatogenesis (sperm production) and Oogenesis (egg production).

Mendelian Genetics

• Laws of inheritance: Law of segregation and Law of independent assortment.

Evolution

• Concepts: Natural selection, genetic drift, and speciation.
• Mechanisms: Mutation, migration, and population dynamics drive evolutionary change.

Test your understanding of key biological concepts from NCERT Class 11. This quiz covers the diversity of living organisms, structural organization in animals and plants, and the fundamental cell theory. Assess your knowledge on taxonomy, tissues, and cell structure.