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Questions and Answers
What is the characteristic of the spores in hornworts?
What is the name of the cyanobacteria that invade the mucilage-filled cavities of hornworts?
What is the origin of the name 'liverworts'?
What is the function of the elaters in liverworts?
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What is the shape of the sporophyte in hornworts?
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What is the structure from which the sporophyte grows in hornworts?
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What is the characteristic feature of the class Bryopsida?
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Which class of bryophytes has the maximum number of genera?
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What is the name of the plant in which peristome teeth are present?
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What is the function of rhizoids in Bryopsida?
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Which class of bryophytes is characterized by the presence of pseudo-elaters?
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What is the term for the arrangement of leaves on the stem in Bryopsida?
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What is the function of elaters in bryophytes?
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Which of the following structures is considered the ancestor of vascular bundles in angiospermic plants?
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What is the type of sexual reproduction in the given life cycle?
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What is the role of the sporophyte in the life cycle?
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What is the mode of reproduction in which thallus breaks into pieces and each piece develops into a new thallus?
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What is the function of the archegonium in the life cycle?
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What is the name of the structure in which gemmae are produced in liverworts?
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Which of the following is NOT a method of vegetative reproduction in bryophytes?
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What is the result of the fusion of egg and antherozoid?
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What is the name of the structure that develops into a new individual in Funaria?
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What is the role of the protonema in the life cycle?
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What is the ploidy of the sporophyte in the life cycle?
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What is the main reason for the slow decay of dead vegetative matter in bogs?
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What is the primary use of peat in Ireland, Scotland, and Northern Europe?
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What is the role of Sphagnum in the formation of peat?
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Why are Bryophytes used as packing material for shipment of perishable fruits?
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What is the benefit of using Bryophytes in nurseries?
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What is another name for Sphagnum?
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Study Notes
Gametophyte and Sporophyte Structure
- Gametophyte can be a rosette or ribbon-like thallus.
- Hornworts develop internal cavities filled with mucilage and inhabited by photosynthetic cyanobacteria, mainly Nostoc, giving them a blue-green hue.
- Horn-like sporophyte emerges from an archegonium located deep within the gametophyte.
Liverworts
- Liverworts derive their name from the similarity of their thallus to liver lobes; "wort" means "herb."
- The thallus in liverworts comprises distinct zones: photosynthetic zone, air chamber, and storage zone.
Sporophyte Structures
- In Anthoceros, the horn-shaped structure is a sporophyte, not a gametophyte.
- The mature sporophyte contains a multicellular capsule, a central columella, and a tissue layer that produces spores.
- Spores possess pseudo-elaters, which are multicellular and function in spore dispersal through hydroscopic movements.
Bryopsida (True Mosses)
- Bryopsida is the largest class of mosses, encompassing 95% of all moss species.
- Gametophyte features a protonema and erect leafy shoots, with persistent spirally arranged leaves and rhizoids.
- Sporophytes consist of foot, seta, and capsule, with a unique peristome architecture that aids in spore release.
Reproductive Structures and Processes
- Elaters in bryophytes are formed alongside spores and assist in their release during dry conditions.
- Asexual reproduction methods include fragmentation, gemmae formation, and tubers.
- Sexual reproduction is oogamous, involving the production of antherozoids in antheridia and eggs in archegonia.
Life Cycle and Alternation of Generations
- The life cycle involves fertilization of eggs by antherozoids, forming a diploid zygote that grows into a sporophyte.
- The sporophyte releases haploid spores which germinate into the gametophyte, continuing the cycle.
Peat Formation and Uses
- Peat forms via the compression and carbonization of partially decomposed vegetative matter in bogs, primarily involving Sphagnum moss.
- Sphagnum secretes acids that inhibit decomposition, allowing for significant accumulation of dead plant material.
- Peat is utilized as fuel, in the production of various chemicals, to enhance soil texture in horticulture, as surgical dressings, and as packing material.
Summary of Bryophyte Classes
- Classes of bryophytes include:
- Liverworts (Hepaticopsida)
- Hornworts (Anthocerotopsida)
- True mosses (Bryopsida), which are unique for their peristome teeth.
Key Terminology
- Elater: Structures that aid in spore dispersal through humidity changes.
- Protonema: Initial stages of moss growth post-spore germination, capable of forming new plants.
- Capsule: Structure of the sporophyte that releases spores.
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Description
This quiz covers the characteristics and features of hornworts and liverworts, including their gametophyte and sporophyte structures, and internal cavities with cyanobacteria.
