Prokaryotes
148 Questions
2 Views

Choose a study mode

Play Quiz
Study Flashcards
Spaced Repetition
Chat to lesson

Podcast

Play an AI-generated podcast conversation about this lesson

Questions and Answers

What is the primary factor contributing to the rapid evolution of prokaryotes?

  • Genetic recombination
  • Rapid reproduction (correct)
  • Horizontal gene transfer
  • Mutation

    • Which process involves the transfer of genetic material between prokaryotic cells in direct contact?

  • Conjugation (correct)
  • Transformation
  • Transduction
  • Mutagenesis

    • What is the term for the combination of DNA from two sources?

  • Genetic drift
  • Genetic mutation
  • Genetic recombination (correct)
  • Genetic variation

    • Which type of prokaryote obtains energy from light?

    <p>Phototroph</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the movement of genes among individuals from different species?

    <p>Horizontal gene transfer</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which process involves the uptake and incorporation of foreign DNA by prokaryotic cells from their surroundings?

    <p>Transformation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the exchange of DNA between bacteria mediated by bacteriophages?

    <p>Transduction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of prokaryote requires an organic nutrient as a carbon source?

    <p>Heterotroph</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main component of Gram-positive bacteria cell walls?

    <p>Peptidoglycan</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of Gram staining in Gram-negative bacteria?

    <p>Pink color</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the peptidoglycan layer in Gram-positive bacteria?

    <p>To provide structural support and maintain the cell's shape</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following bacteria is an example of Gram-positive bacteria?

    <p>Staphylococci</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the composition of the outer membrane in Gram-negative bacteria?

    <p>Lipopolysaccharides and sugars</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the difference between Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria in terms of resistance to lysozyme?

    <p>Gram-positive bacteria are sensitive to lysozyme, while Gram-negative bacteria are resistant</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the space between the inner and outer membrane in Gram-negative bacteria called?

    <p>Periplasm</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of Gram staining in Gram-positive bacteria?

    <p>Purple color</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the alternative structure used by Flexibacter polymorphus instead of flagella?

    <p>Polysaccharide fibers</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following phospholipids is NOT present in the plasma membrane of prokaryotic cells?

    <p>Phosphatidyl-choline</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of mesosomes in some prokaryotes?

    <p>Cellular respiration</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a characteristic of the plasma membrane of prokaryotic cells?

    <p>It is selectively permeable</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main difference between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells in terms of internal organization?

    <p>Prokaryotic cells lack complex compartmentalization</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the movement of genes among individuals from different species called?

    <p>Horizontal gene transfer</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following lipids is NOT present in the plasma membrane of hepatocytes?

    <p>Phosphatidyl-glycerol</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the plasma membrane in cells?

    <p>To regulate what enters and leaves the cell</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which bacterium is a potential weapon of bioterrorism?

    <p>Bacillus anthracis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a type of lipid found in the plasma membrane of myelin?

    <p>Cerebrosides</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the causative agent of pneumococcal meningitis?

    <p>Streptococcus pneumoniae</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the name of the methicillin-resistant strain of Staphylococcus aureus?

    <p>MRSA</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which bacterium causes gonococcal urethritis?

    <p>Neisseria gonorrhoeae</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic of Streptococcal colonies?

    <p>They form chains</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which disease is characterized by chronic cough with blood-containing sputum?

    <p>Tuberculosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the bacterium that causes leprosy?

    <p>Mycobacterium leprae</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of bacteria lacks a cell wall?

    <p>Mycoplasmas</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of botulinum toxin?

    <p>Inhibits the release of the neurotransmitter acetylcholine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which bacterium is the source of many antibiotics?

    <p>Streptomyces</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the cause of tetanus?

    <p>Clostridium tetani</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of respiratory muscle failure due to botulism?

    <p>Death</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of bacteria is Gram-Positive?

    <p>Actinomycetes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the name of the disease caused by Bacillus anthracis?

    <p>Anthrax</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of improper canning of food contaminated with Clostridium botulinum?

    <p>Botulism</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of prokaryotic ribosomes?

    <p>Protein synthesis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic of prokaryotic chromosomes?

    <p>Circular, double-stranded DNA</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of plasmids in prokaryotes?

    <p>Carrying genes for antibiotic resistance</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the name of the region that contains the prokaryotic chromosome?

    <p>Nucleoid</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the ability of some prokaryotes to form endospores?

    <p>Sporogenic</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the difference between prokaryotic and eukaryotic ribosomes?

    <p>30S and 50S subunits vs 40S and 60S subunits</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of mesosomes in some prokaryotes?

    <p>Not mentioned in the text</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the shape of prokaryotic chromosomes?

    <p>Circular</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary mechanism of transmission of tetanus?

    <p>Through a break in the skin by a contaminated object</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic feature of Corynebacterium diptheriae?

    <p>Formation of pseudomembranes in the pharynx and trachea</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the unique feature of the cell wall of Mycobacteria?

    <p>It has a lipid-rich outer layer</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of diphtheria toxin?

    <p>To inhibit protein synthesis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic symptom of tetanus?

    <p>Convulsive muscle spasms</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the distinguishing feature of Mycoplasmas?

    <p>They lack a cell wall</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following bacteria is associated with non-gonococcal urethritis?

    <p>Ureaplasma urealyticum</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why are Mycobacteria classified as acid-fast Gram-positive bacteria?

    <p>Because they lack an outer LPS layer</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the common characteristic among the organisms classified under Domain Bacteria and Domain Archaea?

    <p>They are unicellular prokaryotes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic that defines the members of Kingdom Fungi?

    <p>They absorb nutrients after decomposing organic material</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following kingdoms consists of multicellular eukaryotes that carry out photosynthesis?

    <p>Kingdom Plantae</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic of the organisms classified under Domain Eukarya?

    <p>They are multicellular eukaryotes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In which type of environment do Domain Archaea organisms typically live?

    <p>Extreme environments</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the number of kingdoms that Domain Eukarya is divided into?

    <p>4</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic of Protists?

    <p>They are unicellular eukaryotes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of Domain Bacteria?

    <p>They are multicellular eukaryotes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic of endospores that allows them to survive in harsh environments?

    <p>Resistance to temperature, dryness, UV light, enzymes, chemicals, and drugs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main advantage of prokaryotes' short generation times?

    <p>It allows them to adapt to changing environments</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of the process of binary fission in prokaryotes?

    <p>Two identical daughter cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which bacterium is an example of a sporogenic bacterium?

    <p>Bacillus anthracis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the cortex in endospore structure?

    <p>Resistance to high temperature</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic of prokaryotic reproduction that allows for rapid evolution?

    <p>Short generation times</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of cell plate formation in prokaryotic cell division?

    <p>Formation of a new cell wall</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the process of prokaryotic cell division that results in two identical daughter cells?

    <p>Binary fission</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the capsule in some prokaryotes?

    <p>Protects bacteria from phagocytosis/digestion/drying</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which bacterium is used in gene cloning to produce transgenic plants?

    <p>Agrobacterium tumefaciens</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the disease caused by Vibrio cholerae?

    <p>Cholera</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the bacterium that causes Syphilis?

    <p>Treponema pallidum</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which bacterium can produce vitamins, antibiotics, and hormones?

    <p>Bacteria</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the disease caused by Neisseria meningitidis?

    <p>Meningococcal meningitis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of flagella in some prokaryotes?

    <p>Provides motility to the bacteria</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which bacterium causes Gastritis, stomach ulcers, and gastric cancer?

    <p>Helicobacter pylori</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic of prokaryotic ribosomes that allows some antibiotics to target them without affecting human ribosomes?

    <p>They consist of different subunits than eukaryotic ribosomes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of thylakoid membranes in photosynthetic prokaryotes?

    <p>Photosynthesis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the viruses that infect bacteria and have a DNA genome?

    <p>Bacteriophages</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic of prokaryotic chromosomes that allows them to fit within the nucleoid region?

    <p>They are supercoiled</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of polysomes in prokaryotes?

    <p>Protein synthesis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic of endospores that allows them to survive in harsh environments?

    <p>They are highly durable</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of mesosomes in some prokaryotes?

    <p>Cellular respiration or photosynthesis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic of the plasma membrane in prokaryotic cells?

    <p>Selectively permeable</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the alternative structure used by Flexibacter polymorphus instead of flagella?

    <p>Polysaccharide fibers</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following lipids is present in the plasma membrane of prokaryotic cells?

    <p>Phosphatidyl-glycerol</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic of prokaryotic cells in terms of compartmentalization?

    <p>They lack complex compartmentalization</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the plasma membrane in cells?

    <p>Regulation of what enters and leaves the cell</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following bacteria causes syphilis?

    <p>Treponema pallidum</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is unique about cyanobacteria?

    <p>They are photoautotrophs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of scarring of the fallopian tubes due to Chlamydia trachomatis infection?

    <p>Infertility</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following Gram-positive bacteria causes diphtheria?

    <p>Corynebacterium diphtheriae</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the mode of transmission of Leptospira?

    <p>Direct contact with infected animals</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following bacteria is associated with non-gonococcal urethritis?

    <p>Chlamydia trachomatis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main characteristic of micro-organisms?

    <p>They consist of either 1 cell or a group of cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a category of micro-organisms?

    <p>Animals</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the discovery of Alexander Fleming in 1929?

    <p>The antibiotic penicillin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary characteristic of pathogenic bacteria species?

    <p>They are potential weapons of bioterrorism</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the name of the disease caused by the Yersinia pestis bacterium?

    <p>Plague</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of Staphylococcus aureus?

    <p>It causes toxic shock syndrome, food poisoning, and pneumonia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the 40-day duration that Venetian ships coming from countries with active plague epidemics remained under quarantine in the sea?

    <p>Quarantine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary characteristic of Mycobacterium tuberculosis?

    <p>It causes tuberculosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of Neisseria gonorrhoeae?

    <p>It causes gonococcal urethritis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic of prokaryotes that allows them to thrive almost everywhere?

    <p>Their ability to live under extreme conditions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the name of the domain that includes non-pathogenic bacteria that perform photosynthesis?

    <p>Cyanobacteria</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary characteristic of Horizontal gene transfer?

    <p>It involves the movement of genes among individuals from different species</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of Bacillus cereus?

    <p>It causes food poisoning</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the system of naming living organisms invented by Carolus Linnaeus?

    <p>Binomial nomenclature</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the shape of prokaryotic cells?

    <p>Variable morphology</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the name of the disease caused by the HIV virus?

    <p>AIDS</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a characteristic of Domain Eukarya?

    <p>Multicellular eukaryotes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In which type of environment are Archaea typically found?

    <p>Extreme environments</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the basis for defining Kingdom Fungi?

    <p>Mode of nutrition</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a characteristic of protists?

    <p>Unicellular and simple multicellular eukaryotes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How many kingdoms are included in Domain Eukarya?

    <p>4</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic of bacteria that allows them to be divided into multiple kingdoms?

    <p>Diversity and widespread distribution</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main component of the cell wall in Gram-positive bacteria?

    <p>Peptidoglycan</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the peptidoglycan layer in Gram-positive bacteria?

    <p>To provide resistance to physical stress</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is an example of Gram-negative bacteria?

    <p>Escherichia coli</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the outer lipopolysaccharide layer in Gram-negative bacteria?

    <p>To provide resistance to lysozyme and penicillin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of Gram-staining in Gram-positive bacteria?

    <p>Purple colour</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the difference between the cell wall structure of Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria?

    <p>Gram-positive bacteria have a larger amount of peptidoglycan</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic of archaea that distinguishes them from bacteria?

    <p>Their shared traits with eukaryotes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of prokaryotes are poisoned by oxygen and use fermentation or anaerobic respiration?

    <p>Obligate anaerobes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the process of converting atmospheric nitrogen (N2) to ammonia (NH3) by some prokaryotes?

    <p>Nitrogen fixation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which method has been used to investigate the phylogeny of prokaryotes?

    <p>Molecular systematics</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the environment in which extreme thermophiles thrive?

    <p>Very hot environments</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the study of evolutionary relationships among groups of organisms using molecular sequencing data and morphological data?

    <p>Phylogenic taxonomy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of prokaryotes in the biosphere with regard to chemical elements?

    <p>They increase the availability of nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium for plant growth.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the type of symbiotic relationship where one organism benefits while the other is not affected?

    <p>Commensalism</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary mechanism by which pathogenic prokaryotes cause disease?

    <p>By releasing toxins</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the ecological relationship where two species live in close contact?

    <p>Symbiosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of beneficial prokaryotes in the human body?

    <p>They break down undigested food in the intestines</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the process by which genes associated with virulence can be spread among bacteria?

    <p>Horizontal gene transfer</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the 40-day duration that Venetian ships coming from countries with active plague epidemics remained under quarantine in the sea before they approached Venice port?

    <p>Quarantina giorni</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following micro-organisms are eukaryotic?

    <p>Protists</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main advantage of micro-organisms' ability to replicate quickly?

    <p>They can evolve quickly</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following pandemics was caused by the Yersinia pestis bacterium?

    <p>Black Death</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the classification of living organisms?

    <p>Taxonomy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of prokaryotes?

    <p>Eukaryotic</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the system of naming living organisms invented by Carolus Linnaeus?

    <p>Binomial nomenclature</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a type of micro-organism that is not cellular?

    <p>Viruses</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the ability of some prokaryotes to form endospores?

    <p>Sporulation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a characteristic of Domain Archaea?

    <p>Molecular similarities with eukaryotes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Prokaryotic Cell Structure

    • Prokaryotic cells have a cell wall that provides protection and maintenance of cell shape
    • The cell wall is composed of peptidoglycan (Gram-positive) or peptidoglycan and lipopolysaccharides (Gram-negative)

    Gram-Positive and Gram-Negative Bacteria

    • Gram-positive bacteria:
    • Cell wall composed of peptidoglycan
    • Absorb crystal violet and appear purple
    • Examples: Staphylococcus, Streptococcus, Micrococcus
    • Gram-negative bacteria:
    • Cell wall composed of peptidoglycan and lipopolysaccharides
    • Do not absorb crystal violet and appear pink
    • Examples: Escherichia coli, Shigella, Salmonella

    Plasma Membrane

    • Composed of phospholipids and proteins
    • Selectively permeable (semi-permeable)
    • Lipid composition varies between different membranes

    Internal Organization and DNA

    • Prokaryotic cells lack complex compartmentalization
    • No membrane-bound nucleus or membrane-bound organelles
    • Mesosomes: infoldings of the plasma membrane that perform metabolic functions
    • Prokaryotic chromosome: a double-stranded circular DNA molecule
    • Smaller than eukaryotic genome
    • Absence of histones
    • Supercoiled to fit the nucleoid region

    Reproduction and Adaptation

    • Prokaryotes reproduce quickly by binary fission
    • Short generation times allow for rapid evolution
    • Adaptation: development of antibiotic resistance

    Pathogenic Bacteria

    • Examples of pathogenic bacteria: Neisseria meningitidis, Neisseria gonorrhoeae, Escherichia coli, Salmonella, Legionella, Vibrio cholerae
    • Causes of diseases: meningococcal meningitis, gonococcal urethritis, opportunistic infections, legionellosis, cholera

    Prokaryotic Ribosomes

    • Function: protein synthesis
    • Consist of different subunits than eukaryotes
    • Some antibiotics inhibit bacterial ribosomes without inhibiting human ribosomes

    Nucleoid

    • Region that contains the prokaryotic chromosome
    • Not surrounded by a nuclear membrane

    Endospores

    • Formed under harsh conditions
    • Metabolically inactive
    • Remain viable in harsh conditions for years
    • Resistant to temperature, dryness, UV light, enzymes, chemicals, and drugs

    Sporogenic Bacteria

    • Examples: Bacillus, Clostridium
    • Ability to form endospores

    Prokaryotic Cell Division

    • Binary fission
    • Short generation times
    • Adaptation: development of antibiotic resistance### Horizontal Gene Transfer and Pathogenic Bacteria
    • Horizontal gene transfer: movement of genes among individuals from different species
    • Pathogenic bacteria:
      • Examples: Bacillus anthracis, Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus pneumoniae, Bacillus cereus, Neisseria meningitidis, Neisseria gonorrhoeae, Escherichia coli, Mycobacterium tuberculosis, Mycobacterium leprae
      • Can cause diseases such as toxic shock syndrome, food poisoning, pneumonia, meningitis, and tuberculosis

    Prokaryotes and Microorganisms

    • Prokaryotes:
      • Unicellular microorganisms
      • Consist of 1 prokaryotic cell
      • Replicate faster than eukaryotes
      • Smaller in size than eukaryotic cells
      • Divided into 2 domains: Bacteria and Archaea
      • Can thrive in extreme conditions
    • Microorganisms:
      • Microscopic organisms consisting of 1 cell (unicellular) or a group of cells (multicellular)
      • Categories: Bacteria, Archaea, Protists, Fungi, and Viruses

    Historical Evidence and Pandemics

    • Historical evidence for the existence of microorganisms:
      • Pathogenic microorganisms cause infectious diseases
      • Examples: plague, cholera, and smallpox
    • Pandemics:
      • Viral and bacterial outbreaks throughout history
      • Examples: Antonine plague, Justinian plague, Black Death, and COVID-19

    Prokaryote Characteristics and Taxonomy

    • Prokaryote characteristics:
      • Smaller in size than eukaryotic cells
      • Variable morphology
      • Can thrive in extreme conditions
    • Taxonomy:
      • Classification of living organisms
      • Species, Genus, Family, Order, Class, Phylum, Kingdom, and Domain
      • Nomenclature of microorganisms: binomial system (e.g., Staphylococcus aureus)

    Bacteria and Archaea

    • Bacteria:
      • 2 major categories: Eubacteria and Cyanobacteria
      • Eubacteria: includes pathogenic bacteria
      • Cyanobacteria: non-pathogenic, photosynthetic, and produce oxygen
    • Archaea:
      • Live in extreme conditions
      • Examples: Halophiles, Methanogens, and Thermoacidophiles
      • Initially named Archaebacteria due to morphological similarities with Bacteria

    Structural and Functional Properties

    • Prokaryotic cell size: 1-10 µm
    • Variable morphology: spherical, rod-shaped, and spiral shapes
    • Oxygen metabolism: obligate aerobes, obligate anaerobes, and facultative anaerobes
    • Nitrogen metabolism: nitrogen fixation, conversion of nitrogen into ammonia

    Studying That Suits You

    Use AI to generate personalized quizzes and flashcards to suit your learning preferences.

    Quiz Team

    Related Documents

    Prokaryotes: Bacteria and Archaea PDF

    Description

    Test your knowledge of Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, their cell walls, and the Gram staining process. Learn about the differences in their peptidoglycan and lipopolysaccharide composition. Identify the characteristics of each type of bacteria and how they react to crystal violet.

    More Like This

    Use Quizgecko on...
    Browser
    Open
    Browser
    Browser