Biology Genetics Quiz
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Questions and Answers

Which of the following is NOT an example of asexual reproduction?

  • Fragmentation
  • Meiosis (correct)
  • Mitosis
  • Binary Fission

What is the result of meiosis?

  • Two daughter cells, each with half the number of chromosomes as the parent cell
  • Four daughter cells, each with half the number of chromosomes as the parent cell (correct)
  • Two daughter cells, each with the same number of chromosomes as the parent cell
  • Four daughter cells, each with the same number of chromosomes as the parent cell

What is the term for the collection of all an individual's chromosomes?

  • Genome
  • Gene pool
  • Phenotype
  • Karyotype (correct)

What is the significance of homologous pairs of chromosomes?

<p>They ensure that each offspring receives one copy of every gene from each parent. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do chromosomes in a homologous pair differ from each other?

<p>All of the above. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Where does meiosis typically occur in humans?

<p>Sex organs (ovaries and testes) (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why is genetic variation important?

<p>All of the above. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the name of the cell that results from the fusion of an egg and sperm?

<p>Zygote (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a threat to biodiversity?

<p>Climate Change (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of allele is masked by a dominant allele?

<p>Recessive (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In a monohybrid cross, what does the term "F1" represent?

<p>The first filial generation, or the offspring of the parental generation (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What describes the genetic makeup of an individual?

<p>Genotype (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following genotypes represents a homozygous recessive trait?

<p>tt (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for a genetic cross involving a single pair of genes (one trait)?

<p>Monohybrid cross (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement accurately describes the law of segregation?

<p>Each parent has two alleles for every gene, and passes one of those at random to their offspring (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following scenarios would result in a recessive trait being expressed?

<p>An individual inherits two recessive alleles for the trait (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What term describes the expression of a gene in an individual, such as their physical appearance?

<p>Phenotype (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What prompted Darwin to finally publish his research on evolution?

<p>He received a letter from Alfred Russel Wallace which outlined similar ideas about evolution. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What primary concept does the term "descent with modification" encompass?

<p>The branching of species from a common ancestor with accumulated changes. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of adaptations in Darwin's theory?

<p>Adaptations are inherited traits that enhance an organism's chances of survival and reproduction. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of Darwin's observation of the 13 different finch species in the Galapagos?

<p>It provided evidence for the diversity of life and the role of environmental adaptation. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the fundamental difference between natural selection and artificial selection?

<p>Natural selection favors traits that are beneficial for the environment, while artificial selection favors traits that are beneficial for humans. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for pollination that occurs between flowers of two different plants?

<p>Cross-pollination (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens to traits during self-pollination of true-breeding plants?

<p>Offspring always have traits that match the parent. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What did Mendel notice about the traits of the offspring when he cross-pollinated true-breeding purple and white plants?

<p>All offspring were purple. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In Mendel's second generation crosses, what trait reappeared that had disappeared in the first generation?

<p>White flower traits (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What phenomenon did Mendel conclude from the crosses between hybrid purple and white flowers?

<p>There is a 3:1 ratio of purple to white in the offspring. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are alleles?

<p>Different forms of a gene. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What can be inferred about the genetic factors Mendel proposed?

<p>Each organism contributes one genetic factor for each trait. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why did Mendel remove the anthers from the plants before cross-pollination?

<p>To avoid self-pollination and control the process. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What genotypes can result from a heterozygous A type blood individual mating with a heterozygous B type blood individual?

<p>AB, AO, BO (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following traits is an example of a polygenic trait in humans?

<p>Height (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role do the genes affecting melanin production have in determining human traits?

<p>They control the degree of pigmentation. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is one characteristic that distinguishes the X chromosome from the Y chromosome?

<p>The X chromosome has more DNA. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How is the inheritance pattern of color deficiency conditions explained?

<p>They are often associated with alleles present only on the X chromosome. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What outcome results from a combination of dominant and recessive alleles in polygenic traits?

<p>An intermediate phenotype is likely expressed. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements about sex chromosomes is true?

<p>X chromosome carries genes for various traits, not just sex determination. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of these traits are not influenced by incomplete dominance inheritance patterns in humans?

<p>Blood type (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Asexual Reproduction

A type of cell reproduction where a single cell divides into two identical daughter cells.

Sexual Reproduction

A type of cell reproduction involving two cells (egg and sperm) combining to form a new cell (zygote) that is not identical to the original cells.

Meiosis

A type of cell division that produces four cells, each containing half the number of chromosomes as the original parent cell.

Fertilization

The combining of genetic material from two parent cells during sexual reproduction.

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Karyotype

A collection of all an individual's chromosomes.

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Homologous Pairs

Pairs of chromosomes that are similar in size, shape, and function.

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Inheritance of Chromosomes

The process of receiving one chromosome from each parent to form a homologous pair.

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Variations in Homologous Chromosomes

While homologous chromosomes carry similar genetic information, they are not identical due to variations in gene versions.

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Biodiversity

The variety of life on Earth, encompassing the diversity of organisms, their genes, and the ecosystems they inhabit.

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Biological Species

A group of organisms that can interbreed and produce fertile offspring.

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Hybrid

The offspring produced from two different species. For example, a mule is a hybrid offspring of a donkey and a horse.

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Taxonomy

The branch of biology that classifies organisms and assigns them universal names.

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Genetic Biodiversity

The variation in genes within a species.

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Species Diversity

The variety of different species within a given ecosystem.

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Ecological Diversity

The variety of ecosystems within a given region.

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Darwin's Theory of Evolution

The process of natural selection where organisms with traits best suited to their environment are more likely to survive and reproduce.

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Overproduction

The process by which organisms produce more offspring than can survive, leading to competition for resources.

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Natural Selection

The process by which organisms with traits best suited to their environment survive and reproduce, passing on those traits to their offspring.

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Cross-pollination

The process where pollen from one plant lands on the pistil of a different plant.

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Self-pollination

The process where pollen from one plant lands on the pistil of the same plant.

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True-breeding plant

A plant that, when self-pollinated, always produces offspring with traits matching the parent plant.

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F1 generation

The first generation offspring of a cross between two true-breeding plants.

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F2 generation

The second generation offspring produced by crossing two individuals from the F1 generation.

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Alleles

The different forms of a gene that control a specific trait.

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Genetic factors

The factors that control inherited traits, passed down from parents to offspring.

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Dominant Trait

An allele that masks another allele's expression.

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Recessive Trait

An allele whose expression is masked by a dominant allele.

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Genotype

The genetic makeup of an individual, represented by the combination of alleles.

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Phenotype

The observable characteristics of an individual, determined by their genotype and environmental factors.

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Monohybrid Cross

A genetic cross where the parents differ in just one trait.

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Punnett Square

A diagram that predicts the possible genotypes and phenotypes of offspring in a genetic cross.

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Law of Segregation

The principle stating that each parent contributes one allele for a trait to their offspring.

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Homozygous

Individuals possessing two identical alleles for a specific trait.

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Heterozygous

Individuals possessing two different alleles for a specific trait.

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Adaptations

Traits that help an organism survive and reproduce in a specific environment. They allow organisms to adapt to their surroundings and improve their chances of passing on genes.

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Descent with Modification

Darwin's idea that all organisms descended from a common ancestor, with modifications or adaptations accumulating over time, leading to the diversity of life we see today.

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Artificial Selection

The process of humans selectively breeding plants and animals for desired traits. This is a deliberate and controlled process, unlike natural selection which occurs naturally.

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On the Origin of Species

The book published by Darwin in 1859 that outlined his theory of evolution by natural selection. This book challenged prevailing scientific and religious beliefs and revolutionized our understanding of life on Earth.

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Codominance

A type of inheritance where both alleles are expressed equally, resulting in a phenotype that combines characteristics of both.

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Polygenic Trait

A type of inheritance where multiple genes influence a trait.

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Melanin

A chemical produced by the body that determines skin, eye, and hair color.

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Sex Chromosomes

The chromosomes that determine an individual's sex.

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Sex Determination

The process of determining an individual's sex based on the combination of X and Y chromosomes.

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Color Deficiency

The inability to distinguish between certain colors due to genetic factors.

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Relative Size of Sex Chromosomes

The difference in size and gene content between the X and Y chromosomes.

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Intermediate Phenotype

The process of inheriting different alleles for a trait, resulting in a combination of parental characteristics.

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Study Notes

Biology Exam Review

  • This document is a review for a biology exam covering topics from different biology lessons
  • The exam will cover: Diversity of Living Things, Genetics, Evolution, and Animal Systems.
  • Lesson ranges from 1-8 for Genetics, 1-6 for Evolution, 1-4 for Diversity of Living Things, and 1-4 for Animal systems.

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Biology Exam Review PDF

Description

Test your knowledge of key genetics concepts such as asexual reproduction, meiosis, and genetic variations. This quiz covers fundamental principles including homologous chromosomes, allele interactions, and definitions of genetic terms. Perfect for students in high school biology classes.

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