Biology GCSE AQA Year 10 Mock Exam Flashcards
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Questions and Answers

What is the equation for magnification?

Magnification = image size / size of real object

What are the names of the 3 microscopes?

Light microscope, transmission electron microscope, scanning electron microscope

What do transmission electron microscopes provide?

2D images with very high magnification and resolution

What do scanning electron microscopes provide?

<p>3D images with lower magnification</p> Signup and view all the answers

Animal cells contain?

<p>Cell membrane, nucleus, cytoplasm, mitochondria, ribosomes</p> Signup and view all the answers

What do plant cells contain, not animal cells?

<p>Chloroplasts, cell wall and a permanent vacuole</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the cell wall made from and what does it do?

<p>Cellulose strengthens the cell and gives it support</p> Signup and view all the answers

What do chloroplasts contain and what does it do?

<p>Chlorophyll absorbs light so the plant can make food by photosynthesis</p> Signup and view all the answers

Give 3 adaptations of root hair cells.

<p>Increase surface area, large permanent vacuole, many mitochondria</p> Signup and view all the answers

Give 2 adaptations of xylem cells.

<p>Hollow tubes, spirals of lignin for strength</p> Signup and view all the answers

Give 3 adaptations of nerve cells.

<p>Lots of dendrites, long axon, adapted synapses</p> Signup and view all the answers

Give 4 adaptations of sperm cells.

<p>Long tail, lots of mitochondria, acrosome, large nucleus</p> Signup and view all the answers

Describe osmosis.

<p>Osmosis involves water only, needs a semi-permeable membrane and high to low concentration</p> Signup and view all the answers

Describe diffusion.

<p>Across a high to low concentration and involves the transport of solutes</p> Signup and view all the answers

Describe active transport.

<p>Requires energy, against concentration gradient, needs a semi-permeable membrane and involves the transport of solutes</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is lime water used to test for and what happens?

<p>It is used to test for carbon dioxide and goes cloudy if present</p> Signup and view all the answers

Describe stage 1 of the cell cycle.

<p>Cell grows bigger, increases mass, and carries out normal cell activities. They replicate their DNA.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Describe stage 2 of the cell cycle.

<p>Mitosis occurs; one set of chromosomes is pulled to each end of the dividing cell</p> Signup and view all the answers

Describe stage 3 of the cell cycle.

<p>The cytoplasm and the cell membranes also divide to form 2 identical daughter cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are stem cells and what are they used for?

<p>Unspecialised cells which can become any type of cell needed, found in early development</p> Signup and view all the answers

Define a tissue.

<p>A group of cells with similar structure and function working together</p> Signup and view all the answers

Define an organ.

<p>Collections of tissues each working together to perform a specific function</p> Signup and view all the answers

Define an organ system.

<p>Groups of organs that all work together to form organisms, e.g., the digestive system</p> Signup and view all the answers

List the levels of organisation of multicellular organisms.

<p>Cells, tissues, organs, organ systems, organism</p> Signup and view all the answers

What test is used to detect the presence of starch?

<p>Iodine test: yellow to blue if present</p> Signup and view all the answers

What test is used to detect the presence of protein?

<p>Biuret test: blue to purple if present</p> Signup and view all the answers

What test is used to detect the presence of lipids?

<p>Ethanol test: added to solution gives a cloudy white layer if present</p> Signup and view all the answers

Define metabolism.

<p>The sum of all the reactions in a cell or the body</p> Signup and view all the answers

Define a catalyst.

<p>Increases the rate of chemical reactions without changing chemically themselves</p> Signup and view all the answers

Define enzymes.

<p>Biological catalysts that catalyse specific reactions in organisms due to the shape of their active site</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens when an enzyme denatures?

<p>An enzyme is no longer able to work as a catalyst as the substrate will no longer fit the active site</p> Signup and view all the answers

How can temperature affect enzymes?

<p>Over 40 degrees centigrade, enzymes begin to denature and stop working</p> Signup and view all the answers

How can pH affect enzymes?

<p>A change in pH can affect the forces holding the folded chains of enzymes in place, therefore they denature</p> Signup and view all the answers

Give an advantage of using adult stem cells over donated organs.

<p>Adult stem cells are unspecialised and are more likely to be accepted by the body</p> Signup and view all the answers

What do red blood cells do?

<p>Pick up oxygen from your lungs and carry it to cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

What do white blood cells do?

<p>Part of the body's defence system against harmful microorganisms, some form antibodies</p> Signup and view all the answers

What do platelets do?

<p>Help to clot the blood at a wound and keep you from bleeding to death</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of arteries?

<p>Carry oxygenated blood away from your heart to the organs of your body</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of veins?

<p>Carry deoxygenated blood away from the organs towards your heart</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of capillaries?

<p>Form a huge network of tiny vessels for the diffusion of oxygen, carbon dioxide and glucose</p> Signup and view all the answers

How are arteries adapted?

<p>Contain thick walls, a thick layer of muscle and elastic fibres, and small lumen</p> Signup and view all the answers

How are veins adapted?

<p>Contain thin walls, large lumen and often have valves</p> Signup and view all the answers

How are capillaries adapted?

<p>Contain tiny vessels with narrow lumen and walls that are a single cell thick</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do stents treat heart disease?

<p>A stent and balloon are inserted, the balloon inflates to open the vessel and is removed, leaving the stent in place</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do pacemakers treat heart disease?

<p>Electrical devices used to correct irregularities in the heart rhythm</p> Signup and view all the answers

How is air moved in and out of your lungs?

<p>Ventilation through the contraction and relaxation of the lungs</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the name given to your windpipe?

<p>Trachea</p> Signup and view all the answers

What do guard cells do?

<p>Control the opening and closing of the stomata</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is wilting and what happens?

<p>A protection mechanism against further water loss by reducing the surface area for evaporation</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of reaction is photosynthesis?

<p>Endothermic</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of reaction is respiration?

<p>Exothermic</p> Signup and view all the answers

Define an exothermic reaction.

<p>Chemical reaction releasing energy to the surroundings</p> Signup and view all the answers

Define an endothermic reaction.

<p>Chemical reaction absorbing energy from the surroundings</p> Signup and view all the answers

Give 2 ways disease is spread from plant to plant.

<p>Contact between diseased plants, vectors like insects</p> Signup and view all the answers

Give 3 ways disease is spread from person to person.

<p>By air, direct contact, by water</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are disinfectants?

<p>Chemicals used to kill bacteria in the environment around us</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are antiseptics?

<p>Disinfectants that are safe for use on human skin</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are antibiotics?

<p>Chemicals that can be used inside our bodies, which kill or prevent bacteria from growing</p> Signup and view all the answers

What do white blood cells do with microorganisms?

<p>Some ingest pathogens, digesting and destroying them</p> Signup and view all the answers

What do white blood cells produce to target pathogens?

<p>Antibodies that destroy bacteria or viruses</p> Signup and view all the answers

What do white blood cells produce to counteract toxins?

<p>Antitoxins that cancel out toxins released by pathogens</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does paracetamol do?

<p>Block nerve impulses from the painful part of the body</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does penicillin do?

<p>It is an antibiotic that breaks down cell walls</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a benign tumour?

<p>Growths of abnormal cells contained in one place</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are malignant tumour cells?

<p>Cells that can be spread around the body invading healthy tissues</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the 4 limiting factors for photosynthesis?

<p>Light, temperature, carbon dioxide concentration, chlorophyll levels</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the effect of light intensity on photosynthesis?

<p>Increased light intensity increases the rate of photosynthesis to a point</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the effect of carbon dioxide concentration on photosynthesis?

<p>Higher concentrations of CO2 can increase the rate of photosynthesis</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the effect of temperature on photosynthesis?

<p>Photosynthesis rates typically increase with temperature to an optimal point</p> Signup and view all the answers

Give 5 ways plants use glucose.

<p>Respiration, storage as insoluble starch, produce fats/oils, produce cellulose, produce amino acids</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is glucose?

<p>C6 H12 O6</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is aerobic respiration?

<p>Glucose + oxygen -&gt; carbon dioxide + water</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why does your heart rate increase during exercise?

<p>To increase the flow of oxygenated blood carrying oxygen and glucose for respiration</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why does your breathing rate increase during exercise?

<p>To increase the volume of oxygen taken in to be picked up by red blood cells for respiration</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens to stored glycogen during exercise?

<p>Converted back to glucose to supply your cells with chemical fuel for respiration</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is anaerobic respiration?

<p>Glucose -&gt; lactic acid</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is oxygen debt?

<p>Build up of lactic acid in muscles as a result of anaerobic respiration</p> Signup and view all the answers

If you are unfit, what are you more likely to get?

<p>Oxygen debt and a build up of lactic acid</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why do you keep breathing heavily after exercise?

<p>Lactic acid has to be broken down into carbon dioxide and water requiring oxygen</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is oxygen debt repayment?

<p>Lactic acid + oxygen -&gt; carbon dioxide + water</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do skin defences protect humans from disease?

<p>Covered with extra microorganisms that help keep you healthy and fight pathogens</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do the physical defences in a human nose protect from disease?

<p>Tiny hairs along with mucus help to trap particles in the air</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do the physical defences in a human trachea and bronchi protect from disease?

<p>Covered in mucus and cilia that waft mucus up to the top of the throat</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do the physical defences in a human stomach protect from disease?

<p>Produces acid and destroys microorganisms in the mucus you swallow</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does the cellulose wall act as a physical barrier to plant diseases?

<p>Resists the invasion by microorganisms</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why are aphids so dangerous to plants?

<p>They breach the cellulose wall and give pathogens a way into the cell</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does the tough waxy cuticle act as a physical barrier to plant diseases?

<p>Acts as a physical barrier on the surface of each leaf</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does the bark on trees act as a physical barrier to plant diseases?

<p>A layer that is made from dead cells and is hard for the pathogens to penetrate</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does leaf fall act as a physical barrier to plant diseases?

<p>Any pathogens that infect the leaves fall off the tree</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are monoclonal antibodies?

<p>Antibodies produced from a single clone of cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

How are monoclonal antibodies made?

<p>Combine mice lymphocytes with hybridoma cells, which divide into identical copies</p> Signup and view all the answers

What will make monoclonal antibodies less likely to be rejected?

<p>Combining mice cells with human cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

Contain oxygenated blood?

<p>Left atrium and left ventricle</p> Signup and view all the answers

What brings in oxygenated blood from the lungs?

<p>Pulmonary vein</p> Signup and view all the answers

What takes out oxygenated blood to the body?

<p>Aorta</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the movement of oxygenated blood around the heart?

<p>Pulmonary vein -&gt; left atrium -&gt; left ventricle -&gt; aorta</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why do the lungs contain multiple alveoli?

<p>Multiple alveoli have large surface areas making gas exchange more efficient</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why do alveoli have a rich supply of blood capillaries?

<p>To maintain the steepest concentration gradient for quick exchange</p> Signup and view all the answers

How would you test for glucose?

<p>Benedict's test - blue Benedict's solution turns red on heating if present</p> Signup and view all the answers

How are villi adapted to be good exchange surfaces?

<p>Large surface area can be increased with microvilli</p> Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Microscopes

  • Magnification formula: image size divided by the size of the real object.
  • Types of microscopes: light microscope, transmission electron microscope, scanning electron microscope.
  • Transmission electron microscopes provide two-dimensional images with high magnification and resolution.
  • Scanning electron microscopes produce three-dimensional images at lower magnification.

Cell Structure

  • Animal cells contain cell membrane, nucleus, cytoplasm, mitochondria, and ribosomes.
  • Plant cells contain chloroplasts, cell wall, and a permanent vacuole, which are not found in animal cells.
  • The cell wall is made from cellulose, which provides strength and support to the cell.
  • Chloroplasts contain chlorophyll, essential for photosynthesis.

Root Hair Cell Adaptations

  • Increase surface area for water absorption.
  • Large permanent vacuole enhances osmosis efficiency.
  • Numerous mitochondria provide energy for active transport of minerals.

Xylem and Nerve Cells

  • Xylem cells form hollow tubes for water and mineral ion transport, with lignin spirals for strength.
  • Nerve cells have many dendrites for connections, an axon for impulse transmission, and synapses for communication via chemicals.

Sperm Cell Adaptations

  • Long tail aids movement towards the egg.
  • High mitochondria content supplies energy for tail movement.
  • Acrosome contains enzymes to penetrate the egg's outer layer.
  • Large nucleus carries genetic information.

Transport Processes

  • Osmosis is the movement of water across a semi-permeable membrane from high to low concentration.
  • Diffusion is the movement of solutes from high to low concentration.
  • Active transport moves substances against concentration gradients, requiring energy.

Cell Cycle Stages

  • Stage 1: Cell growth, mass increase, and replication of DNA.
  • Stage 2: Mitosis, where chromosomes separate and the nucleus divides.
  • Stage 3: Cytoplasm and membrane division creating two identical daughter cells.

Stem Cells

  • Unspecialised cells found in early development of embryos.
  • Potential to differentiate into various cell types.

Levels of Organisation

  • Multicellular organisms are organized into cells, tissues, organs, organ systems, and ultimately, the organism.

Biochemical Tests

  • Iodine test indicates starch presence, turning yellow to blue.
  • Biuret test detects proteins, changing blue to purple.
  • Ethanol test reveals lipids, producing a cloudy white layer.

Metabolism and Catalysts

  • Metabolism encompasses all cellular reactions.
  • Catalysts increase reaction rates without being chemically altered.
  • Enzymes are biological catalysts specific to reactions due to active site shape.

Enzyme Activity

  • Enzymes denature when substrates no longer fit the active site.
  • High temperatures (over 40°C) cause denaturation.
  • pH changes disrupt enzyme structure; extreme changes lead to denaturation.

Heart and Blood Cells

  • Red blood cells transport oxygen; white blood cells defend against pathogens; platelets assist in blood clotting.
  • Arteries carry oxygenated blood from the heart; veins transport deoxygenated blood back.
  • Capillaries connect arteries and veins, allowing diffusion of gases and nutrients.

Disease and Immune Response

  • Disinfectants kill bacteria in the environment; antiseptics are safe for skin use; antibiotics combat bacteria inside the body.
  • White blood cells ingest pathogens, produce unique antibodies, and generate antitoxins to neutralize toxins.

Tumours and Photosynthesis

  • Benign tumours remain contained, while malignant tumours invade healthy tissues.
  • Photosynthesis is influenced by light, temperature, carbon dioxide concentration, and chlorophyll levels.

Plant Usage of Glucose

  • Plants utilize glucose for respiration, storage as starch, production of fats/oils, building cellulose, and synthesizing amino acids.

Exercise Physiology

  • Heart rate increases for oxygen supply; breathing rate rises to enhance lung oxygen intake.
  • Glycogen is converted back to glucose for cellular respiration during exercise.
  • Anaerobic respiration results in lactic acid production, leading to oxygen debt.

Skin and Respiratory Defenses

  • Skin acts as a barrier with a microbiome; nose hairs and mucus trap pathogens; the trachea and bronchi use mucus and cilia for protection.
  • The stomach contains acid to destroy ingested pathogens.

Plant Defenses

  • Cellulose walls protect against disease invasion; waxy cuticles and bark provide further barrier defenses; leaf fall aids in removing pathogens.

Monoclonal Antibodies

  • Created by fusing mouse lymphocytes with tumor cells (hybridomas) to produce identical antibodies for various medical applications.

Blood Circulation in the Heart

  • Oxygenated blood flows from the pulmonary vein to the left atrium, then to the left ventricle, and is pumped out through the aorta.
  • Alveoli and capillaries facilitate efficient gas exchange due to their structure and extensive surface areas.

Testing for Glucose

  • Benedict's test detects glucose by turning blue to red upon heating.

Villi Functionality

  • Villi increase surface area for absorption, enhancing exchange efficiency in the intestines.

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