Biology GCSE AQA Year 10 Mock Exam Flashcards

Questions and Answers

What is the equation for magnification?

Magnification = image size / size of real object

What are the names of the 3 microscopes?

Light microscope, transmission electron microscope, scanning electron microscope

What do transmission electron microscopes provide?

2D images with very high magnification and resolution

What do scanning electron microscopes provide?

3D images with lower magnification Signup and view all the answers

Animal cells contain?

Cell membrane, nucleus, cytoplasm, mitochondria, ribosomes Signup and view all the answers

What do plant cells contain, not animal cells?

Chloroplasts, cell wall and a permanent vacuole Signup and view all the answers

What is the cell wall made from and what does it do?

Cellulose strengthens the cell and gives it support Signup and view all the answers

What do chloroplasts contain and what does it do?

Chlorophyll absorbs light so the plant can make food by photosynthesis Signup and view all the answers

Give 3 adaptations of root hair cells.

Increase surface area, large permanent vacuole, many mitochondria Signup and view all the answers

Give 2 adaptations of xylem cells.

Hollow tubes, spirals of lignin for strength Signup and view all the answers

Give 3 adaptations of nerve cells.

Lots of dendrites, long axon, adapted synapses Signup and view all the answers

Give 4 adaptations of sperm cells.

Long tail, lots of mitochondria, acrosome, large nucleus Signup and view all the answers

Describe osmosis.

Osmosis involves water only, needs a semi-permeable membrane and high to low concentration Signup and view all the answers

Describe diffusion.

Across a high to low concentration and involves the transport of solutes Signup and view all the answers

Describe active transport.

Requires energy, against concentration gradient, needs a semi-permeable membrane and involves the transport of solutes Signup and view all the answers

What is lime water used to test for and what happens?

It is used to test for carbon dioxide and goes cloudy if present Signup and view all the answers

Describe stage 1 of the cell cycle.

Cell grows bigger, increases mass, and carries out normal cell activities. They replicate their DNA. Signup and view all the answers

Describe stage 2 of the cell cycle.

Mitosis occurs; one set of chromosomes is pulled to each end of the dividing cell Signup and view all the answers

Describe stage 3 of the cell cycle.

The cytoplasm and the cell membranes also divide to form 2 identical daughter cells Signup and view all the answers

What are stem cells and what are they used for?

Unspecialised cells which can become any type of cell needed, found in early development Signup and view all the answers

Define a tissue.

A group of cells with similar structure and function working together Signup and view all the answers

Define an organ.

Collections of tissues each working together to perform a specific function Signup and view all the answers

Define an organ system.

Groups of organs that all work together to form organisms, e.g., the digestive system Signup and view all the answers

List the levels of organisation of multicellular organisms.

Cells, tissues, organs, organ systems, organism Signup and view all the answers

What test is used to detect the presence of starch?

Iodine test: yellow to blue if present Signup and view all the answers

What test is used to detect the presence of protein?

Biuret test: blue to purple if present Signup and view all the answers

What test is used to detect the presence of lipids?

Ethanol test: added to solution gives a cloudy white layer if present Signup and view all the answers

Define metabolism.

The sum of all the reactions in a cell or the body Signup and view all the answers

Define a catalyst.

Increases the rate of chemical reactions without changing chemically themselves Signup and view all the answers

Define enzymes.

Biological catalysts that catalyse specific reactions in organisms due to the shape of their active site Signup and view all the answers

What happens when an enzyme denatures?

An enzyme is no longer able to work as a catalyst as the substrate will no longer fit the active site Signup and view all the answers

How can temperature affect enzymes?

Over 40 degrees centigrade, enzymes begin to denature and stop working Signup and view all the answers

How can pH affect enzymes?

A change in pH can affect the forces holding the folded chains of enzymes in place, therefore they denature Signup and view all the answers

Give an advantage of using adult stem cells over donated organs.

Adult stem cells are unspecialised and are more likely to be accepted by the body Signup and view all the answers

What do red blood cells do?

Pick up oxygen from your lungs and carry it to cells Signup and view all the answers

What do white blood cells do?

Part of the body's defence system against harmful microorganisms, some form antibodies Signup and view all the answers

What do platelets do?

Help to clot the blood at a wound and keep you from bleeding to death Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of arteries?

Carry oxygenated blood away from your heart to the organs of your body Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of veins?

Carry deoxygenated blood away from the organs towards your heart Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of capillaries?

Form a huge network of tiny vessels for the diffusion of oxygen, carbon dioxide and glucose Signup and view all the answers

How are arteries adapted?

Contain thick walls, a thick layer of muscle and elastic fibres, and small lumen Signup and view all the answers

How are veins adapted?

Contain thin walls, large lumen and often have valves Signup and view all the answers

How are capillaries adapted?

Contain tiny vessels with narrow lumen and walls that are a single cell thick Signup and view all the answers

How do stents treat heart disease?

A stent and balloon are inserted, the balloon inflates to open the vessel and is removed, leaving the stent in place Signup and view all the answers

How do pacemakers treat heart disease?

Electrical devices used to correct irregularities in the heart rhythm Signup and view all the answers

How is air moved in and out of your lungs?

Ventilation through the contraction and relaxation of the lungs Signup and view all the answers

What is the name given to your windpipe?

Trachea Signup and view all the answers

What do guard cells do?

Control the opening and closing of the stomata Signup and view all the answers

What is wilting and what happens?

A protection mechanism against further water loss by reducing the surface area for evaporation Signup and view all the answers

What type of reaction is photosynthesis?

Endothermic Signup and view all the answers

What type of reaction is respiration?

Exothermic Signup and view all the answers

Define an exothermic reaction.

Chemical reaction releasing energy to the surroundings Signup and view all the answers

Define an endothermic reaction.

Chemical reaction absorbing energy from the surroundings Signup and view all the answers

Give 2 ways disease is spread from plant to plant.

Contact between diseased plants, vectors like insects Signup and view all the answers

Give 3 ways disease is spread from person to person.

By air, direct contact, by water Signup and view all the answers

What are disinfectants?

Chemicals used to kill bacteria in the environment around us Signup and view all the answers

What are antiseptics?

Disinfectants that are safe for use on human skin Signup and view all the answers

What are antibiotics?

Chemicals that can be used inside our bodies, which kill or prevent bacteria from growing Signup and view all the answers

What do white blood cells do with microorganisms?

Some ingest pathogens, digesting and destroying them Signup and view all the answers

What do white blood cells produce to target pathogens?

Antibodies that destroy bacteria or viruses Signup and view all the answers

What do white blood cells produce to counteract toxins?

Antitoxins that cancel out toxins released by pathogens Signup and view all the answers

What does paracetamol do?

Block nerve impulses from the painful part of the body Signup and view all the answers

What does penicillin do?

It is an antibiotic that breaks down cell walls Signup and view all the answers

What is a benign tumour?

Growths of abnormal cells contained in one place Signup and view all the answers

What are malignant tumour cells?

Cells that can be spread around the body invading healthy tissues Signup and view all the answers

What are the 4 limiting factors for photosynthesis?

Light, temperature, carbon dioxide concentration, chlorophyll levels Signup and view all the answers

What is the effect of light intensity on photosynthesis?

Increased light intensity increases the rate of photosynthesis to a point Signup and view all the answers

What is the effect of carbon dioxide concentration on photosynthesis?

Higher concentrations of CO2 can increase the rate of photosynthesis Signup and view all the answers

What is the effect of temperature on photosynthesis?

Photosynthesis rates typically increase with temperature to an optimal point Signup and view all the answers

Give 5 ways plants use glucose.

Respiration, storage as insoluble starch, produce fats/oils, produce cellulose, produce amino acids Signup and view all the answers

What is glucose?

C6 H12 O6 Signup and view all the answers

What is aerobic respiration?

Glucose + oxygen -> carbon dioxide + water Signup and view all the answers

Why does your heart rate increase during exercise?

To increase the flow of oxygenated blood carrying oxygen and glucose for respiration Signup and view all the answers

Why does your breathing rate increase during exercise?

To increase the volume of oxygen taken in to be picked up by red blood cells for respiration Signup and view all the answers

What happens to stored glycogen during exercise?

Converted back to glucose to supply your cells with chemical fuel for respiration Signup and view all the answers

What is anaerobic respiration?

Glucose -> lactic acid Signup and view all the answers

What is oxygen debt?

Build up of lactic acid in muscles as a result of anaerobic respiration Signup and view all the answers

If you are unfit, what are you more likely to get?

Oxygen debt and a build up of lactic acid Signup and view all the answers

Why do you keep breathing heavily after exercise?

Lactic acid has to be broken down into carbon dioxide and water requiring oxygen Signup and view all the answers

What is oxygen debt repayment?

Lactic acid + oxygen -> carbon dioxide + water Signup and view all the answers

How do skin defences protect humans from disease?

Covered with extra microorganisms that help keep you healthy and fight pathogens Signup and view all the answers

How do the physical defences in a human nose protect from disease?

Tiny hairs along with mucus help to trap particles in the air Signup and view all the answers

How do the physical defences in a human trachea and bronchi protect from disease?

Covered in mucus and cilia that waft mucus up to the top of the throat Signup and view all the answers

How do the physical defences in a human stomach protect from disease?

Produces acid and destroys microorganisms in the mucus you swallow Signup and view all the answers

How does the cellulose wall act as a physical barrier to plant diseases?

Resists the invasion by microorganisms Signup and view all the answers

Why are aphids so dangerous to plants?

They breach the cellulose wall and give pathogens a way into the cell Signup and view all the answers

How does the tough waxy cuticle act as a physical barrier to plant diseases?

Acts as a physical barrier on the surface of each leaf Signup and view all the answers

How does the bark on trees act as a physical barrier to plant diseases?

A layer that is made from dead cells and is hard for the pathogens to penetrate Signup and view all the answers

How does leaf fall act as a physical barrier to plant diseases?

Any pathogens that infect the leaves fall off the tree Signup and view all the answers

What are monoclonal antibodies?

Antibodies produced from a single clone of cells Signup and view all the answers

How are monoclonal antibodies made?

Combine mice lymphocytes with hybridoma cells, which divide into identical copies Signup and view all the answers

What will make monoclonal antibodies less likely to be rejected?

Combining mice cells with human cells Signup and view all the answers

Contain oxygenated blood?

Left atrium and left ventricle Signup and view all the answers

What brings in oxygenated blood from the lungs?

Pulmonary vein Signup and view all the answers

What takes out oxygenated blood to the body?

Aorta Signup and view all the answers

What is the movement of oxygenated blood around the heart?

Pulmonary vein -> left atrium -> left ventricle -> aorta Signup and view all the answers

Why do the lungs contain multiple alveoli?

Multiple alveoli have large surface areas making gas exchange more efficient Signup and view all the answers

Why do alveoli have a rich supply of blood capillaries?

To maintain the steepest concentration gradient for quick exchange Signup and view all the answers

How would you test for glucose?

Benedict's test - blue Benedict's solution turns red on heating if present Signup and view all the answers

How are villi adapted to be good exchange surfaces?

Large surface area can be increased with microvilli Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Microscopes

Magnification formula: image size divided by the size of the real object.
Types of microscopes: light microscope, transmission electron microscope, scanning electron microscope.
Transmission electron microscopes provide two-dimensional images with high magnification and resolution.
Scanning electron microscopes produce three-dimensional images at lower magnification.

Cell Structure

Animal cells contain cell membrane, nucleus, cytoplasm, mitochondria, and ribosomes.
Plant cells contain chloroplasts, cell wall, and a permanent vacuole, which are not found in animal cells.
The cell wall is made from cellulose, which provides strength and support to the cell.
Chloroplasts contain chlorophyll, essential for photosynthesis.

Root Hair Cell Adaptations

Increase surface area for water absorption.
Large permanent vacuole enhances osmosis efficiency.
Numerous mitochondria provide energy for active transport of minerals.

Xylem and Nerve Cells

Xylem cells form hollow tubes for water and mineral ion transport, with lignin spirals for strength.
Nerve cells have many dendrites for connections, an axon for impulse transmission, and synapses for communication via chemicals.

Sperm Cell Adaptations

Long tail aids movement towards the egg.
High mitochondria content supplies energy for tail movement.
Acrosome contains enzymes to penetrate the egg's outer layer.
Large nucleus carries genetic information.

Transport Processes

Osmosis is the movement of water across a semi-permeable membrane from high to low concentration.
Diffusion is the movement of solutes from high to low concentration.
Active transport moves substances against concentration gradients, requiring energy.

Cell Cycle Stages

Stage 1: Cell growth, mass increase, and replication of DNA.
Stage 2: Mitosis, where chromosomes separate and the nucleus divides.
Stage 3: Cytoplasm and membrane division creating two identical daughter cells.

Stem Cells

Unspecialised cells found in early development of embryos.
Potential to differentiate into various cell types.

Levels of Organisation

Multicellular organisms are organized into cells, tissues, organs, organ systems, and ultimately, the organism.

Biochemical Tests

Iodine test indicates starch presence, turning yellow to blue.
Biuret test detects proteins, changing blue to purple.
Ethanol test reveals lipids, producing a cloudy white layer.

Metabolism and Catalysts

Metabolism encompasses all cellular reactions.
Catalysts increase reaction rates without being chemically altered.
Enzymes are biological catalysts specific to reactions due to active site shape.

Enzyme Activity

Enzymes denature when substrates no longer fit the active site.
High temperatures (over 40°C) cause denaturation.
pH changes disrupt enzyme structure; extreme changes lead to denaturation.

Heart and Blood Cells

Red blood cells transport oxygen; white blood cells defend against pathogens; platelets assist in blood clotting.
Arteries carry oxygenated blood from the heart; veins transport deoxygenated blood back.
Capillaries connect arteries and veins, allowing diffusion of gases and nutrients.

Disease and Immune Response

Disinfectants kill bacteria in the environment; antiseptics are safe for skin use; antibiotics combat bacteria inside the body.
White blood cells ingest pathogens, produce unique antibodies, and generate antitoxins to neutralize toxins.

Tumours and Photosynthesis

Benign tumours remain contained, while malignant tumours invade healthy tissues.
Photosynthesis is influenced by light, temperature, carbon dioxide concentration, and chlorophyll levels.

Plant Usage of Glucose

Plants utilize glucose for respiration, storage as starch, production of fats/oils, building cellulose, and synthesizing amino acids.

Exercise Physiology

Heart rate increases for oxygen supply; breathing rate rises to enhance lung oxygen intake.
Glycogen is converted back to glucose for cellular respiration during exercise.
Anaerobic respiration results in lactic acid production, leading to oxygen debt.

Skin and Respiratory Defenses

Skin acts as a barrier with a microbiome; nose hairs and mucus trap pathogens; the trachea and bronchi use mucus and cilia for protection.
The stomach contains acid to destroy ingested pathogens.

Plant Defenses

Cellulose walls protect against disease invasion; waxy cuticles and bark provide further barrier defenses; leaf fall aids in removing pathogens.

Monoclonal Antibodies

Created by fusing mouse lymphocytes with tumor cells (hybridomas) to produce identical antibodies for various medical applications.

Blood Circulation in the Heart

Oxygenated blood flows from the pulmonary vein to the left atrium, then to the left ventricle, and is pumped out through the aorta.
Alveoli and capillaries facilitate efficient gas exchange due to their structure and extensive surface areas.

Testing for Glucose

Benedict's test detects glucose by turning blue to red upon heating.

Villi Functionality

Villi increase surface area for absorption, enhancing exchange efficiency in the intestines.

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Test your knowledge with these flashcards covering key concepts in Biology for the GCSE AQA Year 10 curriculum. Each card focuses on important definitions and terms related to microscopy and magnification. Perfect for quick revision before the mock exams.