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Questions and Answers
What is the main function of the mitochondria in a cell?
What is the main function of the mitochondria in a cell?
- To store genetic material
- To generate energy for the cell (correct)
- To regulate what enters and leaves the cell
- To synthesize proteins
What type of transport requires energy and moves molecules against their concentration gradient?
What type of transport requires energy and moves molecules against their concentration gradient?
- Passive transport
- Osmosis
- Diffusion
- Active transport (correct)
What is the process by which cells become specialized to perform specific functions?
What is the process by which cells become specialized to perform specific functions?
- Cell division
- Gene expression (correct)
- Mitosis
- Meiosis
What is the term for the study of the evolutionary relationships between organisms?
What is the term for the study of the evolutionary relationships between organisms?
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What is the term for the living organisms that make up an ecosystem?
What is the term for the living organisms that make up an ecosystem?
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What is the term for the process by which the body maintains a stable internal environment despite changes in the external environment?
What is the term for the process by which the body maintains a stable internal environment despite changes in the external environment?
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Study Notes
Cellular Biology
- Cell Structure:
- Cell membrane: semi-permeable, regulates what enters/leaves cell
- Cytoplasm: jelly-like substance inside cell membrane
- Nucleus: contains genetic material (DNA)
- Mitochondria: generate energy for cell (ATP)
- Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER): transports proteins, lipids
- Ribosomes: site of protein synthesis
- Cellular Transport:
- Passive transport: diffusion, osmosis
- Active transport: energy required, against concentration gradient
- Cell Division:
- Mitosis: cell division, identical daughter cells
- Meiosis: cell division, gamete formation (sperm, egg cells)
Genetics
- Inheritance Patterns:
- Autosomal dominant/recessive traits
- Sex-linked traits (X/Y chromosomes)
- DNA Structure and Function:
- Double helix model
- DNA replication: semi-conservative
- Gene expression: transcription, translation
- Genetic Variation:
- Mutations: changes in DNA sequence
- Genetic variation: heritable differences between individuals
Evolution
- Evolution Principles:
- Natural selection: adaptation, survival, reproduction
- Speciation: formation of new species
- Fossil Record:
- Evidence for evolution: fossil record, comparative anatomy
- Phylogeny:
- Study of evolutionary relationships between organisms
- Phylogenetic trees: illustrate evolutionary history
Ecosystems
- Ecosystem Components:
- Biotic factors: living organisms
- Abiotic factors: non-living components (temperature, light, water)
- Energy Flow:
- Producers: autotrophs (plants, algae)
- Consumers: heterotrophs (herbivores, carnivores, omnivores)
- Decomposers: break down organic matter
- Ecological Relationships:
- Symbiosis: mutualism, commensalism, parasitism
- Predation, competition, cooperation
Human Physiology
- Organ Systems:
- Nervous system: control, coordination
- Circulatory system: blood circulation, gas exchange
- Respiratory system: gas exchange
- Body Systems Interactions:
- Homeostasis: maintaining internal balance
- Negative feedback mechanisms: regulation of body functions
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