Biology Fundamentals

Cells: The basic units of life, composed of cell membrane, cytoplasm, and genetic material (DNA or RNA)
Genetics: Study of heredity, genes, and genetic variation
Evolution: Process of change in species over time through natural selection, genetic drift, mutation, and gene flow
Ecosystems: Interacting communities of organisms and their environment, including energy flow and nutrient cycling
Taxonomy: Classification of living organisms into kingdoms, phyla, classes, orders, families, genera, and species

Ecosystem Services: Benefits provided by functioning ecosystems, including air and water purification, soil formation, and climate regulation
Conservation Biology: Preservation and protection of threatened and endangered species, habitats, and ecosystems
Sustainability: Meeting present needs without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs
Climate Change: Long-term warming of the planet due to increased greenhouse gas emissions, leading to rising sea levels, altered ecosystems, and extreme weather events
Pollution: Contamination of the environment with harmful substances, including air, water, and soil pollution

Atomic Structure: Protons, neutrons, and electrons compose atoms, with electrons orbiting the nucleus
Periodic Table: Organized arrangement of elements by their atomic number, electron configuration, and recurring chemical properties
Chemical Bonding: Atoms sharing or exchanging electrons to form molecules, including ionic, covalent, and metallic bonds
Chemical Reactions: Processes involving the transformation of one or more substances, including reactants, products, and catalysts
Acids and Bases: Substances that donate or accept electrons, with pH levels ranging from acidic to basic

Motion: Objects change position over time, with velocity, acceleration, and force influencing their movement
Energy: Ability to do work, with forms including kinetic, potential, thermal, electrical, and chemical energy
Waves: Periodic disturbances that transfer energy through a medium, including mechanical, electromagnetic, and quantum waves
Forces: Pushes or pulls that cause objects to change their motion, including gravity, friction, and electromagnetism
Relativity: Theories of special and general relativity, which describe the nature of space and time

Cells are the basic units of life, consisting of a cell membrane, cytoplasm, and genetic material (DNA or RNA) that contain hereditary information.
Genetics is the study of heredity, genes, and genetic variation, examining how traits are passed down from one generation to the next.
Evolution is the process of change in species over time, driven by natural selection, genetic drift, mutation, and gene flow, resulting in adaptations to the environment.
Ecosystems are interacting communities of organisms and their environment, encompassing energy flow and nutrient cycling, with each species playing a specific role.
Taxonomy is the classification of living organisms into hierarchical categories, including kingdoms, phyla, classes, orders, families, genera, and species, based on their shared characteristics and evolutionary relationships.

Ecosystem services are the benefits provided by functioning ecosystems, including air and water purification, soil formation, and climate regulation, which are essential for human well-being.
Conservation biology aims to preserve and protect threatened and endangered species, habitats, and ecosystems, addressing the impact of human activities on biodiversity.
Sustainability involves meeting present needs without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs, requiring a balance between economic, social, and environmental considerations.
Climate change is the long-term warming of the planet, primarily caused by increased greenhouse gas emissions, leading to rising sea levels, altered ecosystems, and extreme weather events.
Pollution is the contamination of the environment with harmful substances, including air, water, and soil pollution, which can have devastating effects on human health and ecosystems.

Atomic structure consists of protons, neutrons, and electrons, with electrons orbiting the nucleus, and the number of protons determining the element's identity.
The periodic table is an organized arrangement of elements by their atomic number, electron configuration, and recurring chemical properties, facilitating the prediction of chemical behavior.
Chemical bonding occurs when atoms share or exchange electrons to form molecules, resulting in ionic, covalent, and metallic bonds, which have different properties and strengths.
Chemical reactions involve the transformation of one or more substances, with reactants, products, and catalysts playing key roles, and can release or absorb energy.
Acids and bases are substances that donate or accept electrons, with pH levels ranging from acidic to basic, and participate in various chemical reactions and biological processes.

Motion is the change in position of objects over time, influenced by velocity, acceleration, and force, which can be described using kinematic equations and graphs.
Energy is the ability to do work, and it comes in various forms, including kinetic, potential, thermal, electrical, and chemical energy, which can be converted from one form to another.
Waves are periodic disturbances that transfer energy through a medium, encompassing mechanical, electromagnetic, and quantum waves, which have different properties and applications.
Forces are pushes or pulls that cause objects to change their motion, including gravity, friction, and electromagnetism, which can act individually or in combination.
Relativity is the theoretical framework describing the nature of space and time, comprising special relativity (time dilation and length contraction) and general relativity (gravity as curvature of spacetime).