Biology Flashcards: Independent Assortment

Questions and Answers

In 2-3 sentences, explain what crossing over is.

Crossing over is the process in genetics by which the two chromosomes of a homologous pair exchange equal segments with each other. It occurs early during Prophase I (of Meiosis I), increasing the number of genetic possibilities.

In 2-3 sentences, write the definition of independent assortment and what phase it happens in.

Independent assortment is the formation of random combinations of chromosomes. It occurs during Metaphase I, ensuring that genes are randomly mixed, contributing to genetic diversity.

Maternal homologous chromosomes are the fathers.

False

Crossing over involves the switching of genes between the non-sister chromatids of homologues.

True Signup and view all the answers

Crossing over allows for _ genetic diversity in the cell.

Increased; Haploid Signup and view all the answers

Crossing over occurs during __ phase during .

Prophase I; Meiosis Signup and view all the answers

Independent _________ occurs because each pair of homologous chromosomes separate independently of the others.

Assortment Signup and view all the answers

In 1-2 paragraphs, explain how independent assortment results in increased genetic diversity.

Independent assortment of chromosomes is the most basic way to increase genetic diversity for humans. It relates to how homologous pairs line up in cells during Metaphase I of Meiosis I, when gametes are created. Each individual receives one chromosome from each parent, and this 'shuffling' of genes ensures that no two people are identical, allowing for unique traits. Signup and view all the answers

In 1-2 sentences, tell me what the definition of random fertilization is.

Random fertilization describes the concept that the probability of any set of genes has an equal likelihood of combining to form the offspring. This allows all dominant and recessive traits to compete on equal footing before birth. Signup and view all the answers

The principle of independent assortment describes how different genes independently separate from one another when reproductive cells develop.

True Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Crossing Over

Process where homologous chromosomes exchange equal segments during Prophase I of Meiosis I.
Increases genetic variation by creating new combinations of alleles.

Independent Assortment

Formation of random chromosome combinations occurs during Metaphase I of Meiosis I.
Ensures genes are mixed randomly, contributing to genetic diversity; absence leads to identical traits from parents.

Maternal and Paternal Chromosomes

Maternal homologous chromosomes are inherited from the mother, while paternal homologous chromosomes come from the father.
Both parents contribute different versions of the same gene (e.g., brown hair vs. blonde hair).

True/False Facts

Crossing over involves gene switching between non-sister chromatids of homologous chromosomes (True).
Maternal and paternal identifiers are essential for understanding genetic contributions.

Genetic Diversity from Crossing Over

Crossing over increases genetic diversity specifically in haploid cells (correct answer).
Occurs during Prophase I in Meiosis, not during Mitosis.

Independent Assortment and Segregation

Independent assortment refers to the random segregation of homologous chromosomes during gamete formation.
This principle is foundational for genetic variability in offspring.

Role of Independent Assortment

Aligns homologous pairs in Metaphase I, leading to the "shuffling" of genes.
Contributes to unique genetic makeup among individuals, akin to a roll of dice.

Random Fertilization

Concept where any combination of parental genes has an equal chance of forming offspring.
Facilitates competition between traits, ensuring a mix of dominant and recessive alleles.

Principle of Independent Assortment

Describes the independent separation of different genes during reproductive cell development (True).
Fundamental mechanism underlying genetic variation and diversity in a population.

Description

Test your understanding of key concepts in genetics with this set of flashcards focused on independent assortment and crossing over. Perfect for biology students looking to reinforce their knowledge before exams.