Podcast
Questions and Answers
Which of these is a difference between a DNA and an RNA molecule?
Which of these is a difference between a DNA and an RNA molecule?
- DNA contains nitrogenous bases, whereas RNA contains phosphate groups.
- DNA contains five-carbon sugars, whereas RNA contains six-carbon sugars.
- DNA contains uracil, whereas RNA contains thymine.
- DNA is usually double-stranded, whereas RNA is usually single-stranded. (correct)
Which of these nitrogenous bases is found in DNA but not in RNA?
Which of these nitrogenous bases is found in DNA but not in RNA?
- Adenine
- Uracil
- Cytosine
- Thymine (correct)
In a nucleotide, the nitrogenous base is attached to the sugar's _____ carbon and the phosphate group is attached to the sugar's _____ carbon.
In a nucleotide, the nitrogenous base is attached to the sugar's _____ carbon and the phosphate group is attached to the sugar's _____ carbon.
2'... 5'
Nucleic acids are assembled in the _____ direction.
Nucleic acids are assembled in the _____ direction.
In a DNA double helix an adenine of one strand always pairs with a(n) _____ of the complementary strand.
In a DNA double helix an adenine of one strand always pairs with a(n) _____ of the complementary strand.
What is the difference between heterozygous and homozygous individuals?
What is the difference between heterozygous and homozygous individuals?
When constructing a Punnett square, the symbols on the outside of the boxes represent _______, while those inside the boxes represent _______.
When constructing a Punnett square, the symbols on the outside of the boxes represent _______, while those inside the boxes represent _______.
The same phenotype can be produced by more than one genotype.
The same phenotype can be produced by more than one genotype.
In diploid organisms, a dominant phenotype will only be expressed if the individual is homozygous dominant for that trait.
In diploid organisms, a dominant phenotype will only be expressed if the individual is homozygous dominant for that trait.
Two mice are heterozygous for albinism (Aa). The dominant allele (A) codes for normal pigmentation, and the recessive allele (a) codes for no pigmentation. What percentage of their offspring would have an albino phenotype?
Two mice are heterozygous for albinism (Aa). The dominant allele (A) codes for normal pigmentation, and the recessive allele (a) codes for no pigmentation. What percentage of their offspring would have an albino phenotype?
According to Mendel's law of segregation, a gamete
According to Mendel's law of segregation, a gamete
According to Mendel's law of segregation,
According to Mendel's law of segregation,
Which statement correctly explains how to determine the frequencies of the F2 progeny?
Which statement correctly explains how to determine the frequencies of the F2 progeny?
What process is responsible for the independent assortment of alleles?
What process is responsible for the independent assortment of alleles?
How do cells acquire homologous chromosome pairs that carry the alleles that are independently assorted?
How do cells acquire homologous chromosome pairs that carry the alleles that are independently assorted?
Which of the following statements most accurately describes the process of independent assortment?
Which of the following statements most accurately describes the process of independent assortment?
The principle of independent assortment is best illustrated by events that take place during metaphase II, during which sister chromatids segregate independently of each other.
The principle of independent assortment is best illustrated by events that take place during metaphase II, during which sister chromatids segregate independently of each other.
How many genetically unique types of gametes could be produced by an individual with the genotype RrYY?
How many genetically unique types of gametes could be produced by an individual with the genotype RrYY?
Which of the following parental genotypes would yield a 1:1:1:1 phenotypic ratio in the offspring?
Which of the following parental genotypes would yield a 1:1:1:1 phenotypic ratio in the offspring?
DNA possesses many negative charges because of the presence of _________.
DNA possesses many negative charges because of the presence of _________.
DNA contains ________, which distinguish DNA from RNA and help form the backbone of each DNA strand.
DNA contains ________, which distinguish DNA from RNA and help form the backbone of each DNA strand.
Adenine and thymine are examples of _______, which pair with each other in the double helix.
Adenine and thymine are examples of _______, which pair with each other in the double helix.
The complementary DNA strands of a double helix are held together by _______ between their nitrogenous bases.
The complementary DNA strands of a double helix are held together by _______ between their nitrogenous bases.
In bacteria, DNA polymerase III is the enzyme that adds new nucleotides to a primer or growing strand of DNA. Which of the following statements correctly describes the formation of the bond between a new nucleotide and the primer?
In bacteria, DNA polymerase III is the enzyme that adds new nucleotides to a primer or growing strand of DNA. Which of the following statements correctly describes the formation of the bond between a new nucleotide and the primer?
After DNA replication is completed, _____.
After DNA replication is completed, _____.
The first step in the replication of DNA is catalyzed by _____.
The first step in the replication of DNA is catalyzed by _____.
The action of helicase creates _____
The action of helicase creates _____
Why is the new DNA strand complementary to the 3' to 5' strands assembled in short segments?
Why is the new DNA strand complementary to the 3' to 5' strands assembled in short segments?
The synthesis of a new strand begins with the synthesis of a(n) _____.
The synthesis of a new strand begins with the synthesis of a(n) _____.
An old DNA strand is used as a _____ for the assembly of a new DNA strand.
An old DNA strand is used as a _____ for the assembly of a new DNA strand.
What name is given to the process in which a strand of DNA is used as a template for the manufacture of a strand of pre-mRNA?
What name is given to the process in which a strand of DNA is used as a template for the manufacture of a strand of pre-mRNA?
What name is given to the process in which the information encoded in a strand of mRNA is used to construct a protein?
What name is given to the process in which the information encoded in a strand of mRNA is used to construct a protein?
What name is given to the process in which pre-mRNA is edited into mRNA?
What name is given to the process in which pre-mRNA is edited into mRNA?
Polypeptides are assembled from _____.
Polypeptides are assembled from _____.
RNA processing converts the RNA transcript into _____.
RNA processing converts the RNA transcript into _____.
What is the process called that converts the genetic information stored in DNA to an RNA copy?
What is the process called that converts the genetic information stored in DNA to an RNA copy?
DNA does not store the information to synthesize which of the following?
DNA does not store the information to synthesize which of the following?
Transcription begins at a promoter. What is a promoter?
Transcription begins at a promoter. What is a promoter?
Which of the following statements best describes the promoter of a protein-coding gene?
Which of the following statements best describes the promoter of a protein-coding gene?
What determines which base is to be added to an RNA strand during transcription?
What determines which base is to be added to an RNA strand during transcription?
Which of the following terms best describes the relationship between the newly synthesized RNA molecule and the DNA template strand?
Which of the following terms best describes the relationship between the newly synthesized RNA molecule and the DNA template strand?
What happens to RNA polymerase II after it has completed transcription of a gene?
What happens to RNA polymerase II after it has completed transcription of a gene?
Which of these correctly illustrates the pairing of DNA and RNA nucleotides?
Which of these correctly illustrates the pairing of DNA and RNA nucleotides?
The direction of synthesis of an RNA transcript is _____.
The direction of synthesis of an RNA transcript is _____.
Which two statements correctly describe the template and/or coding strands?
Which two statements correctly describe the template and/or coding strands?
Does RNA polymerase move in a set direction along a strand of DNA during transcription?
Does RNA polymerase move in a set direction along a strand of DNA during transcription?
Regions of the RNA transcript that contain non-coding bases are called _____.
Regions of the RNA transcript that contain non-coding bases are called _____.
In a process called _____, non-coding regions of the RNA transcript are removed.
In a process called _____, non-coding regions of the RNA transcript are removed.
Molecular complexes called _______ carry out RNA splicing in the nucleus.
Molecular complexes called _______ carry out RNA splicing in the nucleus.
The completed mRNA contains the gene's _____ joined together in the correct order.
The completed mRNA contains the gene's _____ joined together in the correct order.
During RNA processing a(n) _____ is added to the 5' end of the RNA.
During RNA processing a(n) _____ is added to the 5' end of the RNA.
During RNA processing a(n) _____ is added to the 3' end of the RNA.
During RNA processing a(n) _____ is added to the 3' end of the RNA.
Spliceosomes are composed of _____.
Spliceosomes are composed of _____.
The RNA segments joined to one another by spliceosomes are _____.
The RNA segments joined to one another by spliceosomes are _____.
Translation occurs in the _____.
Translation occurs in the _____.
Viral DNA makes mRNA by the process of _____.
Viral DNA makes mRNA by the process of _____.
The genetic material of HIV consists of _____.
The genetic material of HIV consists of _____.
What is the function of reverse transcriptase?
What is the function of reverse transcriptase?
What is the source of a viral envelope?
What is the source of a viral envelope?
Double-stranded viral DNA is incorporated into a host cell as a _____.
Double-stranded viral DNA is incorporated into a host cell as a _____.
_____ bind(s) to DNA enhancer regions.
_____ bind(s) to DNA enhancer regions.
Flashcards
DNA
DNA
A double-stranded nucleic acid that contains genetic information in the form of genes. It is mainly found in the nucleus of cells and contains deoxyribose sugar.
RNA
RNA
A single-stranded nucleic acid that plays a crucial role in protein synthesis. It's made of ribose sugar and contains uracil instead of thymine.
Nucleotide
Nucleotide
A building block of DNA and RNA, consisting of a nitrogenous base, a sugar molecule, and a phosphate group.
Thymine (T)
Thymine (T)
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Uracil (U)
Uracil (U)
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Adenine (A)
Adenine (A)
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Cytosine (C)
Cytosine (C)
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Guanine (G)
Guanine (G)
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Deoxyribose
Deoxyribose
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Ribose
Ribose
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DNA Replication
DNA Replication
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Transcription
Transcription
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Translation
Translation
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DNA Polymerase III
DNA Polymerase III
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Helicase
Helicase
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Replication Fork
Replication Fork
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Promoter
Promoter
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Intron
Intron
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Exon
Exon
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mRNA (messenger RNA)
mRNA (messenger RNA)
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RNA Processing
RNA Processing
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Capping
Capping
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Polyadenylation
Polyadenylation
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HIV
HIV
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Reverse Transcriptase
Reverse Transcriptase
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Viral Envelope
Viral Envelope
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Heterozygous
Heterozygous
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Homozygous
Homozygous
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Phenotype
Phenotype
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Study Notes
DNA vs. RNA
- DNA contains thymine; RNA contains uracil.
- DNA is typically double-stranded, while RNA is usually single-stranded.
- DNA has deoxyribose sugar; RNA contains ribose sugar.
- DNA is formed from nucleotides; RNA is a polymer of nucleic acids.
- Specific base pairing occurs: adenine pairs with thymine, cytosine pairs with guanine.
Nucleotide Structure
- In a nucleotide, the nitrogenous base is attached to the sugar's 1' carbon.
- The phosphate group connects to the sugar's 5' carbon.
- Nucleic acids are assembled in the 5' to 3' direction.
Genetic Variation
- Heterozygous individuals have two different alleles for a trait; homozygous individuals have two identical alleles.
- Phenotypic ratios may differ based on allele combinations in parents.
Punnett Squares
- Symbols outside Punnett squares represent gametes; symbols inside represent progeny.
- Offspring phenotypic ratios can be predicted using genetic crosses (e.g., 1:1:1:1 indicates certain gametic combinations).
Mendelian Genetics
- Mendel's law of segregation states that gametes receive only one allele from each parent.
- Independent assortment of alleles occurs during meiosis.
- Gametes derive from the fusion of homologous chromosomes.
RNA Structure and Synthesis
- RNA processing converts RNA transcripts into mRNA, which involves splicing out introns.
- Transcription is the process of synthesizing RNA from DNA.
- RNA polymerase adds nucleotides to the growing RNA strand in the 5' to 3' direction.
Transcription and Translation
- A promoter is a DNA region where RNA polymerase binds to initiate transcription.
- Introns are non-coding segments of RNA; exons are coding segments retained in mRNA.
- Translation involves synthesizing polypeptides from mRNA in the cytoplasm.
Viral Genetics
- HIV contains single-stranded RNA as its genetic material.
- Reverse transcriptase synthesizes DNA from an RNA template.
- Viral envelopes originate from the host cell membrane.
Additional Concepts
- DNA polymerase III adds nucleotides during DNA replication.
- Helicase unwinds the double helix, creating replication forks.
- RNA transcripts undergo capping and polyadenylation for stability and structural integrity post-processing.
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Description
Test your knowledge with these flashcards for Biology Exam 4. This quiz focuses on key differences between DNA and RNA molecules among other essential concepts in biology. Perfect for revision and reinforcing your understanding of nucleic acids.
