Podcast
Questions and Answers
What is the study of life called?
What is the study of life called?
Biology
Which of the following is NOT a property of living things?
Which of the following is NOT a property of living things?
- Cells
- Energy use
- Reproduction
- Evolution
- Growth and development
- Gravity (correct)
- Response to environment
- Ordered structure
A unicellular organism is made up of many cells.
A unicellular organism is made up of many cells.
False (B)
What is the fundamental unit of life?
What is the fundamental unit of life?
What is the purpose of an organism's responses to the environment?
What is the purpose of an organism's responses to the environment?
Why is evolution important?
Why is evolution important?
What is NASA's definition of life?
What is NASA's definition of life?
Exponential growth means that a species' population can increase very slowly.
Exponential growth means that a species' population can increase very slowly.
What is a limiting factor for all organisms?
What is a limiting factor for all organisms?
Variation means that all individuals are the same.
Variation means that all individuals are the same.
What does natural selection favor?
What does natural selection favor?
What does evolution explain?
What does evolution explain?
What is artificial selection?
What is artificial selection?
Why have some antibiotics become virtually useless?
Why have some antibiotics become virtually useless?
What is the shape of something called?
What is the shape of something called?
What is the function of something?
What is the function of something?
What is an ecosystem?
What is an ecosystem?
What is energy flow?
What is energy flow?
What is chemical recycling?
What is chemical recycling?
For life to proceed, information must be...
For life to proceed, information must be...
What are genes made from?
What are genes made from?
What are emergent properties?
What are emergent properties?
What are domains?
What are domains?
Which of the following is NOT a domain of life?
Which of the following is NOT a domain of life?
What are the three domains of life?
What are the three domains of life?
Which domain of life is known for often living in extreme conditions?
Which domain of life is known for often living in extreme conditions?
Which domain of life includes organisms that can be either unicellular or multicellular?
Which domain of life includes organisms that can be either unicellular or multicellular?
Which of the following is NOT a kingdom within the domain Eukarya?
Which of the following is NOT a kingdom within the domain Eukarya?
What is the scientific method?
What is the scientific method?
What does discovery science provide?
What does discovery science provide?
What is a hypothesis?
What is a hypothesis?
What is a theory?
What is a theory?
What does a controlled experiment investigate?
What does a controlled experiment investigate?
What is the independent variable?
What is the independent variable?
What are the types of control groups in an experiment?
What are the types of control groups in an experiment?
What is an alternative hypothesis (Ha)?
What is an alternative hypothesis (Ha)?
What is a null hypothesis (H0)?
What is a null hypothesis (H0)?
Which of the following is NOT a key component of experimental design?
Which of the following is NOT a key component of experimental design?
What type of experiment is "information withheld from both participants and experimenter?"
What type of experiment is "information withheld from both participants and experimenter?"
Which of the following is NOT a type of blind experiment?
Which of the following is NOT a type of blind experiment?
What is a placebo?
What is a placebo?
What is the placebo effect?
What is the placebo effect?
What is pseudoscience?
What is pseudoscience?
Which of the following is an example of pseudoscience?
Which of the following is an example of pseudoscience?
What are origins of pseudoscience?
What are origins of pseudoscience?
What is homeopathy?
What is homeopathy?
What is spiritualism?
What is spiritualism?
What is phrenology?
What is phrenology?
What percentage of your DNA accounts for your unique traits?
What percentage of your DNA accounts for your unique traits?
What does all life on Earth use as the genetic material?
What does all life on Earth use as the genetic material?
What does the nucleus of every eukaryotic cell contain?
What does the nucleus of every eukaryotic cell contain?
What are genes?
What are genes?
What is chromatin?
What is chromatin?
How many chromosomes do you inherit from each parent and how many total?
How many chromosomes do you inherit from each parent and how many total?
How many chromosomes does a dog have?
How many chromosomes does a dog have?
How many chromosomes does a paddlefish have?
How many chromosomes does a paddlefish have?
What is a pair of duplicated chromosomes called?
What is a pair of duplicated chromosomes called?
What is the point where sister chromatids are joined together?
What is the point where sister chromatids are joined together?
What happens to chromosomes during cell division?
What happens to chromosomes during cell division?
What does the formation of sister chromatids mean?
What does the formation of sister chromatids mean?
What is the cell cycle?
What is the cell cycle?
What are the two broad phases of the cell cycle?
What are the two broad phases of the cell cycle?
What is interphase?
What is interphase?
What is the miotic phase?
What is the miotic phase?
What is mitosis?
What is mitosis?
What are the stages of mitosis?
What are the stages of mitosis?
What happens during prophase?
What happens during prophase?
What is cytokinesis?
What is cytokinesis?
What appears in animal cells as an indentation along the center of the cell (involved in cytokinesis of animal cells)?
What appears in animal cells as an indentation along the center of the cell (involved in cytokinesis of animal cells)?
What is formed along the center line of the cell during cytokinesis in plant cells?
What is formed along the center line of the cell during cytokinesis in plant cells?
What do cells have regular cycles of?
What do cells have regular cycles of?
When do healthy cells only enter the miotic phase?
When do healthy cells only enter the miotic phase?
What are most of the cells in the human body?
What are most of the cells in the human body?
What are sex cells (gametes) that contain one copy of each chromosome?
What are sex cells (gametes) that contain one copy of each chromosome?
What are sex cells (sperm = male & egg = female)?
What are sex cells (sperm = male & egg = female)?
What are the 5 steps of the human life cycle?
What are the 5 steps of the human life cycle?
What is a pair of chromosomes of the same type, one from each parent?
What is a pair of chromosomes of the same type, one from each parent?
What is any chromosome that is not a sex chromosome?
What is any chromosome that is not a sex chromosome?
What are chromosomes that determine the sex of an individual?
What are chromosomes that determine the sex of an individual?
What are images of an individual's 46 chromosomes lined up in homologous pairs?
What are images of an individual's 46 chromosomes lined up in homologous pairs?
What is the production of gametes (sperm & egg) called?
What is the production of gametes (sperm & egg) called?
What does meiosis involve?
What does meiosis involve?
What does meiosis interphase involve?
What does meiosis interphase involve?
Flashcards
Biology
Biology
The study of life.
Properties of Living Things
Properties of Living Things
Living things exhibit reproduction, growth & development, energy use, ordered structure, cells, response to environment, and evolution.
Unicellular
Unicellular
An organism made up of a singular cell.
Multicellular
Multicellular
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Cell
Cell
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Evolution
Evolution
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Natural Selection
Natural Selection
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Genes
Genes
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Chromosomes
Chromosomes
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Mitosis
Mitosis
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Meiosis
Meiosis
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Cell Cycle
Cell Cycle
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Interphase
Interphase
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Cytokinesis
Cytokinesis
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Homologous Pairs
Homologous Pairs
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Autosomes
Autosomes
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Sex Chromosomes
Sex Chromosomes
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Karyotypes
Karyotypes
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Pseudoscience
Pseudoscience
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Placebo Effect
Placebo Effect
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Data Presentation Methods
Data Presentation Methods
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Independent Variable
Independent Variable
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Study Notes
Biology Exam 1 Study Notes
- Biology: The study of life.
Properties of Living Things
- Reproduction
- Growth and development
- Energy use
- Ordered structure
- Cells
- Response to environment
- Evolution
Unicellular vs. Multicellular Organisms
- Unicellular: A single-celled organism.
- Multicellular: An organism composed of many cells (often trillions).
Cells
- The fundamental unit of life.
Organism Responses
- Organisms respond to their environment to maintain internal stability.
Evolution's Importance
- Evolution removes traits that don't aid in survival, preventing their transmission to offspring.
NASA's Definition of Life
- A self-sustaining chemical system capable of Darwinian evolution (natural selection).
Exponential Growth
- The rapid increase in a species' population numbers.
Resource Limitation
- Resources (food, shelter, sunlight) are essential to life and are finite for all organisms.
Variation
- Differences in traits among individuals (e.g., ladybug colors).
Natural Selection
- Favors individuals with traits that enhance survival and reproduction.
Unity and Diversity of Life
- Evolution explains both the unity and diversity of life.
Artificial Selection
- Humans deliberately choosing and promoting desired traits.
Antibiotic Resistance
- Natural selection has driven the development of antibiotic-resistant bacteria.
Structure and Function
- Structure (shape) and function (action) are intertwined; the shape/structure of something dictates its function.
Ecosystems
- Ecosystems involve all living organisms and non-living factors (e.g., animals, wind); energy flow and chemical recycling are crucial components.
Energy Flow and Chemical Recycling
- Energy flow is the passage of energy throughout an ecosystem.
- Chemical recycling is a sustainability principle that reuses Earth's nutrients and elements.
Information Transfer
- For life to proceed, information must be received, transmitted, and utilized.
Genes and DNA
- Genes are units of hereditary information; they are made of DNA.
Emergent Properties
- Emergent properties result from the interaction of parts within complex systems.
Domains of Life
- Three major groups (domains) classifying life on Earth based on cellular structures.
Domains: Bacteria, Archaea, Eukarya
- Bacteria: Unicellular, ubiquitous; some cause disease, many are beneficial.
- Archaea: Unicellular; often survive in extreme conditions.
- Eukarya: Unicellular or multicellular; larger and more complex cells; subdivided into kingdoms based on energy acquisition.
Eukarya Kingdoms
- Plantae (plants)
- Fungi (mushrooms, mold)
- Animalia (animals)
- Protists (a catch-all category)
Scientific Method
- A framework for scientists to understand observations.
Discovery Science
- Provides data used to describe the natural world.
Hypothesis
- A testable explanation for an observation, often narrow in scope.
Theory
- A broad explanation supported by substantial evidence.
Controlled Experiments
- Investigate hypotheses by changing only one variable at a time.
Independent and Dependent Variables
- Independent variable: Manipulated variable or "cause."
- Dependent variable: Measured variable or "effect."
Control Groups
- Negative control: No change expected.
- Positive control: Change expected.
Hypotheses (Alternative and Null)
- Alternative hypothesis (Ha): Predicts change.
- Null hypothesis (H0): Predicts no change.
Experimental Design
- Key components include independent and dependent variables, treatments, controlled variables, replication, and alternative/null hypotheses.
Blind Experiments
- Single-blind: Participants unaware of treatment type.
- Double-blind: Both participants and experimenters unaware of treatment type.
Placebo
- A medically ineffective treatment.
Placebo Effect
- Perceived improvement due to the belief in a treatment, regardless of its efficacy.
Pseudoscience
- A field falsely presented as scientific.
Information Sources (Primary and Secondary)
- Primary: Original, peer-reviewed material.
- Secondary: Descriptions or reviews of primary sources.
Data Presentation
- Tables: Organize data effectively.
- Graphs: Visually display and compare data.
Graph Types
- Line graphs: Continuous data.
- Bar graphs: Categorical data (error bars, confidence intervals).
- Pie charts: Percentages.
Confidence Intervals/P-Values
- Confidence intervals represent the likely range of a true value.
- P-values assess the significance of differences between groups.
Pseudoscience Characteristics
- Vague, untestable claims; lack of peer review; absence of progress; misleading language.
Pseudoscience Origins
- Alchemy
- Astrology
Homeopathy and Spiritualism
- Homeopathy: Belief that a substance causing symptoms can cure them.
- Spiritualism: Belief that reality is fundamentally spiritual.
Phrenology
- Belief that skull shape predicts mental traits.
Human DNA
- Only ~0.5% of your DNA accounts for unique traits.
DNA and Chromosomes
- DNA is the genetic material in all living organisms.
- Chromosomes are long strands of DNA found in the nucleus of eukaryotic cells.
Genes and Chromatin
- Genes: Segments of DNA that code for proteins.
- Chromatin: DNA wound around proteins to condense within the nucleus.
Chromosome Numbers
- Humans: 46 chromosomes (23 pairs).
- Dogs: 78 chromosomes.
- Paddlefish: 120 chromosomes
Sister Chromatids, Centromere
- Sister chromatids: Duplicated chromosomes.
- Centromere: Connects sister chromatids.
Cell Division and Preparation
- Chromosomes duplicate before cell division.
- Sister chromatids form when chromosomes duplicate, preparing for cell division.
Cell Cycle
- An ordered sequence of events in a cell's life.
Interphase and Miotic Phase
- Interphase: Primarily growth and DNA duplication.
- Miotic phase: Active nuclear & cellular division.
Mitosis Stages (PMAT)
- Prophase: Nuclear membrane dissolves; mitotic spindle forms.
- Metaphase: Sister chromatids line up and attach to spindle.
- Anaphase: Sister chromatids are pulled apart.
- Telophase: Nuclei reform.
Cytokinesis
- Division of cytoplasm to create two separate cells.
Cell Division Methods (Animal vs. Plant)
- Animal cells: Cleavage furrow.
- Plant cells: Cell plate.
Cell Growth and Duplication
- Cells have regular cycles of growth and duplication.
- Healthy cells enter the miotic phase only when duplication is needed.
Diploid and Haploid Cells
- Diploid: Two copies of each chromosome (most body cells).
- Haploid: One copy of each chromosome (gametes).
Gametes and Fertilization
- Gametes (sperm and egg) fuse during fertilization.
- Fertilization process creates a zygote.
Homologous Pairs
- Pairs of chromosomes of the same type.
Autosomes and Sex Chromosomes
- Autosomes: Non-sex chromosomes.
- Sex chromosomes: Determine sex (XX or XY).
Karyotypes and Meiosis
- Karyotype: Picture of an individual's chromosomes.
- Meiosis: Two rounds of cell division to produce haploid gametes.
Meiosis Stages
- Meiosis I: Homologous chromosomes separate; crossing over occurs.
- Meiosis II: Sister chromatids separate; results in four haploid offspring cells.
Mitosis vs. Meiosis
- Mitosis: Body cell division; two identical diploid cells.
- Meiosis: Gamete production; four unique haploid cells.
Processes of Sexual Reproduction
- Independent assortment.
- Random fertilization.
- Crossing over.
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Description
Prepare for your Biology Exam 1 with these comprehensive study notes. Covering essential topics such as properties of living things, cellular organization, evolution, and responses to the environment, this resource will help you understand key biological concepts. Perfect for reinforcing your knowledge before the exam!
