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What is the primary mechanism by which a mutation in the HBB gene leads to Sickle Cell Anemia?
What is the primary mechanism by which a mutation in the HBB gene leads to Sickle Cell Anemia?
What is the term for the process by which a single ancestral species gives rise to multiple distinct species over time?
What is the term for the process by which a single ancestral species gives rise to multiple distinct species over time?
Which of the following types of evidence is most closely tied to the concept of convergent evolution?
Which of the following types of evidence is most closely tied to the concept of convergent evolution?
What is the term for the type of natural selection that favors the survival and reproduction of individuals with a particular trait, leading to an increase in the frequency of that trait in a population?
What is the term for the type of natural selection that favors the survival and reproduction of individuals with a particular trait, leading to an increase in the frequency of that trait in a population?
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Which of the following types of mutations is most likely to result in a change to the function of a protein?
Which of the following types of mutations is most likely to result in a change to the function of a protein?
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What is the consequence of a mutation that leads to a change in the amino acid sequence of a protein?
What is the consequence of a mutation that leads to a change in the amino acid sequence of a protein?
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What is the primary difference between homologous and analogous structures?
What is the primary difference between homologous and analogous structures?
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What is the term for the process by which a population becomes reproductively isolated from other populations of the same species?
What is the term for the process by which a population becomes reproductively isolated from other populations of the same species?
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What is the purpose of vestigial structures in the study of evolution?
What is the purpose of vestigial structures in the study of evolution?
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What is the term for the type of natural selection that favors the survival and reproduction of individuals with a trait that is closer to the average value of the trait in the population?
What is the term for the type of natural selection that favors the survival and reproduction of individuals with a trait that is closer to the average value of the trait in the population?
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Study Notes
Mutations
- A mutation is a change in the DNA sequence of an organism, which can affect the structure and function of proteins
- Types of mutations:
- Point mutations: a change in a single nucleotide
- Frameshift mutations: an insertion or deletion of nucleotides that alters the reading frame of the genetic code
- Chromosomal mutations: changes in the number or structure of chromosomes
- Causes of mutations:
- Errors during DNA replication
- Exposure to mutagenic agents such as radiation and chemicals
- Viral infections
- Consequences of mutations:
- Can be beneficial, neutral, or harmful
- Can lead to genetic disorders and diseases
Example of a Mutation Leading to a Disease: Sickle Cell Anemia
- A point mutation in the HBB gene leads to the production of abnormal hemoglobin, causing sickle-shaped red blood cells
- This mutation leads to the development of sickle cell anemia, a genetic disorder characterized by anemia, pain, and increased risk of infections
Evolution
- Evolution: the process of change in the inherited characteristics of a population over time
- Evidence for Evolution:
- Fossils: the fossil record shows a pattern of gradual changes in life forms over time
- Embryological structures: similarities in embryonic development across different species
- Vestigial structures: presence of structures that have lost their original function
Natural Selection
- Process by which individuals with favorable traits are more likely to survive and reproduce, passing those traits to their offspring
- Leads to the adaptation of populations to their environment
- Example: Peppered Moths
- Prior to the Industrial Revolution, moths had a light-colored, speckled appearance, allowing them to blend in with lichen-covered trees
- With the increase in air pollution, trees became darker, and a genetic variation in the moth population resulted in dark-colored individuals
- These dark-colored moths had a selective advantage, as they were better camouflaged on the dark trees, and thus were more likely to survive and reproduce
Types of Evolution
- Convergent evolution: similarities in structure and function between different species that are not closely related
- Divergent evolution: divergence of a single species into two or more distinct species
- Homologous structures: similar structures in different species that share a common ancestor
- Analogous structures: similar structures in different species that have evolved independently
Types of Selection
- Stabilizing selection: selects for intermediate traits, reducing variation in the population
- Directional selection: selects for extreme traits, increasing variation in the population
- Disruptive selection: selects for extreme traits in different directions, increasing variation in the population
Mutations
- A mutation is a change in the DNA sequence of an organism
- Types of mutations:
- Gene mutation: a change in one gene
- Chromosomal mutation: a change in the number or structure of chromosomes
- Causes of mutations:
- Errors during DNA replication
- Exposure to mutagenic agents such as radiation and chemicals
- Consequences of mutations:
- Can result in genetic disorders or diseases
- Can lead to evolution of new species
Example of Sickle Cell Anemia
- A mutation in the HBB gene causes sickle cell anemia
- The mutation leads to the production of abnormal hemoglobin, which causes red blood cells to become sickle-shaped
- This can lead to anemia, infections, and other complications
Evolution
- Evolution is the change in the characteristics of a species over time
- Evidence for evolution:
- Fossils: provide a record of the history of life on Earth
- Embryological structures: similarities in embryonic development across different species
- Vestigial structures: structures that have lost their original function but are still present
Process of Natural Selection
- Natural selection is the process by which individuals with favorable traits are more likely to survive and reproduce
- The process of natural selection leads to evolution and speciation
- Example: peppered moths
- Prior to the industrial revolution, moths were light-colored with dark spots
- With the increase in air pollution, trees became darker, and a mutation occurred in the moth population, leading to dark-colored moths
- The dark-colored moths were better camouflaged and more likely to survive, leading to an increase in their population
Convergent and Divergent Evolution
- Convergent evolution: similar environmental pressures lead to similar adaptations in different species
- Divergent evolution: a single species splits into two or more distinct species over time
Homologous and Analogous Structures
- Homologous structures: structures that are similar in different species due to a common ancestor
- Analogous structures: structures that are similar in different species but do not share a common ancestor
Types of Selection
- Stabilizing selection: selective pressure that favors the average phenotype
- Directional selection: selective pressure that favors one extreme phenotype over the other
- Disruptive selection: selective pressure that favors both extreme phenotypes over the average phenotype
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Description
This quiz covers the basics of mutations, evolution, and natural selection. It includes topics such as types of mutations, causes and consequences, evidence for evolution, and the process of natural selection.
