Biology EOC Review Packet 2

Questions and Answers

What do all lipids have in common?

They don't dissolve in water.

A protein digesting enzyme mixes with cholesterol in the digestive tract. What effect does the enzyme have on the cholesterol?

It converts the cholesterol into energy.

Enzymes speed up a chemical reaction by...

...lowering the amount of energy it needs to get started.

What are DNA and RNA comprised of?

Nucleotides Signup and view all the answers

What kind of molecule is an enzyme? Why are enzymes important?

They are proteins and they help maintain homeostasis. Signup and view all the answers

Compare and contrast carbohydrates with lipids.

<ul> <li>Both have carbon and hydrogen.</li> <li>Carbohydrates give 9 kcals per gram and lipids only give 4.</li> </ul> Signup and view all the answers

Which part of the cell acts as a barrier to control what enters and leaves the cell?

The cell membrane Signup and view all the answers

What is the main difference between a prokaryote and a eukaryote?

There is no membrane-bound nucleus within a prokaryotic structure. Signup and view all the answers

Muscle cells require a great deal of energy. Therefore, what do they have a lot of?

Mitochondria Signup and view all the answers

What type of cell is this?

Plant cell Signup and view all the answers

If a cell could not produce ribosomes, then what could it not make?

Protein Signup and view all the answers

What would you find in a plant cell but not in an animal one?

Chloroplasts Signup and view all the answers

What organic compound is cellulose?

A carbohydrate Signup and view all the answers

A thermostat maintains the ideal temperature of a room. What process is like this?

Homeostasis Signup and view all the answers

If saltwater fish were placed in freshwater, why would the water move into the cells and kill the fish?

Because of osmosis Signup and view all the answers

Does passive transport require energy?

False Signup and view all the answers

Does active transport require energy?

True Signup and view all the answers

What process allows large molecules to enter a cell?

Facilitated diffusion Signup and view all the answers

What does it mean if the membrane is selectively permeable?

It doesn't let everything outside enter. Signup and view all the answers

How does the membrane maintain homeostasis?

By choosing what goes in and out. Signup and view all the answers

Facilitated diffusion is...

...a type of passive transport. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is not part of a prokaryotic cell?

Nucleus Signup and view all the answers

Why are pigments important to photosynthesis?

They help reflect the light. Signup and view all the answers

Why is photosynthesis important?

It helps plants get energy. Signup and view all the answers

Why is cellular respiration important?

It changes glucose into energy. Signup and view all the answers

How is ATP important?

It provides energy for chemical reactions. Signup and view all the answers

How does energy flow through an ecosystem?

From the sun to autotrophs to heterotrophs. Signup and view all the answers

What is not an autotroph?

Humans Signup and view all the answers

Cellular respiration involves an energy conversion. Which one?

Glucose to ATP Signup and view all the answers

Which biomolecule is glucose?

A carbohydrate. Signup and view all the answers

What happens during mitosis?

The nucleus divides so each cell receives a complete set of DNA. Signup and view all the answers

What bio-molecule is DNA?

Nucleic acid Signup and view all the answers

The cell cycle needs energy. What process supplies it?

Respiration/ATP Signup and view all the answers

What type of cell undergoes mitosis?

Eukaryotes Signup and view all the answers

What happens during the M phase?

The cells undergo mitosis and divide. Signup and view all the answers

Why is the cell cycle important?

It helps us replenish the cells we lose. Signup and view all the answers

What happens in Meiosis?

One cell becomes four and the chromosomes reduce. Signup and view all the answers

If a parent cell has 18 chromosomes, how many does the gamete have?

9 Signup and view all the answers

What happens in the first division?

Each cell contains half the number of chromosomes of the original cell. Signup and view all the answers

Which process happens in mitosis and meiosis?

DNA replication Signup and view all the answers

Why is meiosis necessary in a sexual life cycle?

It creates variation. Signup and view all the answers

What is the complementary strand of DNA CTA GCT CCA?

GAT CGA GGT Signup and view all the answers

What is the complementary DNA strand of TCG CCG ATC?

AGC GGC TAG Signup and view all the answers

What does the d in DNA stand for?

Deoxyribose Signup and view all the answers

What are the three parts of a nucleotide?

Nitrogenous base, phosphate group, and 5 carbon sugar ring Signup and view all the answers

What molecule determines eye color, enzyme production, and body structure?

DNA Signup and view all the answers

Which part of the DNA molecule codes for traits and variation?

The nitrogen base sequence Signup and view all the answers

What makes up the backbone of a double helix structure?

Sugar molecules and phosphate groups Signup and view all the answers

How are the two chains joined together?

Hydrogen bonds between nitrogenous bases Signup and view all the answers

If the DNA in an organism has 20% adenine, how much guanine is there?

20% Signup and view all the answers

What is the building block of a DNA molecule?

Nucleotide Signup and view all the answers

Which organelle does replication occur?

Nucleus Signup and view all the answers

How are DNA and RNA similar? How are they different?

Both are long chains of nucleotides. One has thymine and the other has uracil. Signup and view all the answers

What is nondisjunction?

Failure of chromosomes separating properly. Signup and view all the answers

Mutations occur when...

A change occurs in the bases. Signup and view all the answers

What parts of the DNA provide instructions on how to produce a protein?

Sequence of nitrogen bases Signup and view all the answers

What represents the highest level of organization of genetic information?

Chromosome Signup and view all the answers

What's true about a gene?

It occupies a specific place on a chromosome. Signup and view all the answers

Plants have specialized structures. What process made that possible?

Differentiation Signup and view all the answers

If all your cells have the same genetic info, then how do they have so many functions?

They are all programmed to be functional, but they need to find their purpose. Signup and view all the answers

Different forms of a gene are called...

Alleles Signup and view all the answers

What is heterozygous?

Different alleles, one dominant one recessive (Tt) Signup and view all the answers

L for long wings, l for short wings. How many kids will have long wings from this pair: Ll * ll?

1/2 Signup and view all the answers

What's the difference between genotype and phenotype?

Genotype is genetic makeup. Phenotype is physical characteristics. Signup and view all the answers

What process makes protein molecules?

Translation Signup and view all the answers

Homologous structures...

Are structures that look the same in different organisms, but have different purposes. Signup and view all the answers

Antibiotic resistance illustrates natural selection because if a bacterium can survive, then it can...

Reproduce and survive. Signup and view all the answers

How does camouflage aid evolution?

If they are well camouflaged, then they will likely escape and reproduce. Signup and view all the answers

Industrialization in England during the early 1900s produced black soot. Light colored moths disappeared. Why?

They were easier to be seen and birds could eat them. Signup and view all the answers

Drought caused forests to scatter and frogs became separated. If they meet now, they cannot reproduce. What is this called?

Speciation Signup and view all the answers

Extinction means...

Is the disappearance of a species that occurs when the last member dies. Signup and view all the answers

What happens to the finches if an island of Galapagos has a climate change?

They may lack the adaptations to survive. Signup and view all the answers

A chinook salmon fish produces 2-17 thousand eggs in a single spawning. What does this signify?

The struggle to survive. Signup and view all the answers

Which classification is most specific?

Genus Signup and view all the answers

What kingdom does a single-cell organism with a nucleus belong to?

Protista Signup and view all the answers

What processes can plants carry out but not animals?

Photosynthesis Signup and view all the answers

What kingdom does the dogwood tree belong to?

Plantae Signup and view all the answers

What kingdom does Amoeba belong to?

Protista Signup and view all the answers

What kingdom does bacteria living in Yellowstone's sulfur spring belong to?

Archaebacteria Signup and view all the answers

What kingdom do sponges belong to?

Animalia Signup and view all the answers

What kingdom do mushrooms belong to?

Fungi Signup and view all the answers

Which kingdom has prokaryotic organisms?

Eubacteria Signup and view all the answers

If an organism is multicellular, autotrophic, and contains organelles, what kingdom does it belong to?

Plantae Signup and view all the answers

What won't be found in Protista, Plantae, Fungi, or Animalia?

Prokaryotes Signup and view all the answers

The Texas longhorn, Bos Bos, descended from Bos primigenus. What is conclusive?

They share the genus name. Signup and view all the answers

What advantage is there to using a scientific name over a common one?

The organism is definitive and clearly identifiable. Signup and view all the answers

When can a virus reproduce?

Inside a host organism. Signup and view all the answers

What's the purpose of the projections on the surface of a virus?

They assist invasion. Signup and view all the answers

Why don't antibiotics work against the flu?

Because antibiotics are for bacterial infections, not viruses. Signup and view all the answers

Fungi live underground, creating nets that surround the roots. What kind of relationship is this?

Mutualism Signup and view all the answers

What would happen if the fungi died off?

They would probably grow slowly. Signup and view all the answers

How does parasitism differ from predation?

The host won't die in parasitism, it's probably just going to be miserable. Signup and view all the answers

Tapeworms live in your intestines. What relationship is this?

Parasitism Signup and view all the answers

Birds live close to bison. What is this called?

Commensalism Signup and view all the answers

Insects feed on flower nectar. This is called...

Mutualism Signup and view all the answers

What is an abiotic factor?

Non-living factors that influence an environment. Ex. water, soil Signup and view all the answers

The long-term survival is dependent on resources. Chances are slimmer if they are...

Limited. Signup and view all the answers

What cellular process depends on light?

Photosynthesis Signup and view all the answers

What is a biotic factor?

A living factor that is part of an ecosystem. Ex. insect, tree Signup and view all the answers

10% of energy goes up in trophic levels, what happens to the rest?

It is lost as heat. Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Lipids and Enzymes

Lipids are characterized by their insolubility in water.
Proteins can assist in digesting cholesterol, converting it to energy.
Enzymes accelerate chemical reactions by lowering activation energy.

Nucleic Acids and Cells

DNA and RNA are both made up of nucleotides.
Enzymes are proteins essential for homeostasis in organisms.
Cell membranes serve as barriers to regulate entry and exit of substances.
Prokaryotic cells lack a membrane-bound nucleus, unlike eukaryotic cells.

Cellular Structure and Energy

Muscle cells have numerous mitochondria due to high energy demands.
Plant cells are distinct for containing chloroplasts, unlike animal cells.
Ribosomes are essential for protein synthesis; their absence prevents this process.

Transport Mechanisms

Osmosis refers to the movement of water across membranes, impacting saltwater fish in freshwater.
Passive transport does not require energy; active transport does.
Facilitated diffusion allows large molecules to enter cells without energy expenditure.
The selectively permeable membrane maintains homeostasis by controlling substance movement.

Photosynthesis and Cellular Respiration

Pigments are vital for photosynthesis as they absorb and reflect light.
Photosynthesis provides energy for plants; cellular respiration converts glucose into energy.
ATP is crucial as the energy currency for cellular processes.

Genetics and Cell Division

Genotype refers to genetic makeup, while phenotype describes physical characteristics.
Mitosis involves the division of the nucleus, ensuring each daughter cell has a complete DNA set.
Meiosis reduces chromosome numbers, generating genetic variation.
Nondisjunction occurs with improper chromosome separation during cell division.

DNA Structure and Function

DNA comprises nucleotides, with deoxyribose as a sugar and a particular nitrogen base sequence coding for traits.
The backbone of DNA consists of sugar and phosphate groups, linked by hydrogen bonds.
Complementary strands of DNA pair adenine with thymine, and guanine with cytosine.

Evolution and Natural Selection

Natural selection is illustrated by antibiotic resistance, where surviving bacteria reproduce.
Camouflage aids survival and reproductive success in species.
Speciation can occur when populations are geographically isolated, preventing interbreeding.

Ecosystems and Relationships

Mutualism, commensalism, and parasitism are forms of symbiotic relationships between organisms.
Abiotic factors, like water and soil, shape ecosystems alongside biotic factors like organisms.
Energy transfer in ecosystems follows the 10% rule, with most energy lost as heat while elevating trophic levels.

Classification and Organization

The genus represents the most specific classification in taxonomy.
Different kingdoms include Plantae, Protista, and Fungi, varying by cellular structure, function, and organization.
Scientific names provide clarity in identifying organisms, unlike common names.

Viruses and Fungi Relationships

Viruses reproduce only inside host organisms, while their surface projections facilitate invasion.
Fungi and plant roots develop a mutualistic relationship, exchanging nutrients and minerals.

Limitations and Survival

Resource limitations in an ecosystem can jeopardize the long-term survival of species.

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Description

This flashcard quiz focuses on key concepts related to lipids, enzymes, and proteins in biology. Perfect for students preparing for their End-of-Course (EOC) exams. Test your understanding of these biological macromolecules and their functions in the digestive system.