Biology EOC Review Packet 2
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Questions and Answers

What do all lipids have in common?

They don't dissolve in water.

A protein digesting enzyme mixes with cholesterol in the digestive tract. What effect does the enzyme have on the cholesterol?

It converts the cholesterol into energy.

Enzymes speed up a chemical reaction by...

...lowering the amount of energy it needs to get started.

What are DNA and RNA comprised of?

<p>Nucleotides</p> Signup and view all the answers

What kind of molecule is an enzyme? Why are enzymes important?

<p>They are proteins and they help maintain homeostasis.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Compare and contrast carbohydrates with lipids.

<ul> <li>Both have carbon and hydrogen.</li> <li>Carbohydrates give 9 kcals per gram and lipids only give 4.</li> </ul> Signup and view all the answers

Which part of the cell acts as a barrier to control what enters and leaves the cell?

<p>The cell membrane</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main difference between a prokaryote and a eukaryote?

<p>There is no membrane-bound nucleus within a prokaryotic structure.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Muscle cells require a great deal of energy. Therefore, what do they have a lot of?

<p>Mitochondria</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of cell is this?

<p>Plant cell</p> Signup and view all the answers

If a cell could not produce ribosomes, then what could it not make?

<p>Protein</p> Signup and view all the answers

What would you find in a plant cell but not in an animal one?

<p>Chloroplasts</p> Signup and view all the answers

What organic compound is cellulose?

<p>A carbohydrate</p> Signup and view all the answers

A thermostat maintains the ideal temperature of a room. What process is like this?

<p>Homeostasis</p> Signup and view all the answers

If saltwater fish were placed in freshwater, why would the water move into the cells and kill the fish?

<p>Because of osmosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

Does passive transport require energy?

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

Does active transport require energy?

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

What process allows large molecules to enter a cell?

<p>Facilitated diffusion</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does it mean if the membrane is selectively permeable?

<p>It doesn't let everything outside enter.</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does the membrane maintain homeostasis?

<p>By choosing what goes in and out.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Facilitated diffusion is...

<p>...a type of passive transport.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is not part of a prokaryotic cell?

<p>Nucleus</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why are pigments important to photosynthesis?

<p>They help reflect the light.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why is photosynthesis important?

<p>It helps plants get energy.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why is cellular respiration important?

<p>It changes glucose into energy.</p> Signup and view all the answers

How is ATP important?

<p>It provides energy for chemical reactions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does energy flow through an ecosystem?

<p>From the sun to autotrophs to heterotrophs.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is not an autotroph?

<p>Humans</p> Signup and view all the answers

Cellular respiration involves an energy conversion. Which one?

<p>Glucose to ATP</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which biomolecule is glucose?

<p>A carbohydrate.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens during mitosis?

<p>The nucleus divides so each cell receives a complete set of DNA.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What bio-molecule is DNA?

<p>Nucleic acid</p> Signup and view all the answers

The cell cycle needs energy. What process supplies it?

<p>Respiration/ATP</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of cell undergoes mitosis?

<p>Eukaryotes</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens during the M phase?

<p>The cells undergo mitosis and divide.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why is the cell cycle important?

<p>It helps us replenish the cells we lose.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens in Meiosis?

<p>One cell becomes four and the chromosomes reduce.</p> Signup and view all the answers

If a parent cell has 18 chromosomes, how many does the gamete have?

<p>9</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens in the first division?

<p>Each cell contains half the number of chromosomes of the original cell.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which process happens in mitosis and meiosis?

<p>DNA replication</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why is meiosis necessary in a sexual life cycle?

<p>It creates variation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the complementary strand of DNA CTA GCT CCA?

<p>GAT CGA GGT</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the complementary DNA strand of TCG CCG ATC?

<p>AGC GGC TAG</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the d in DNA stand for?

<p>Deoxyribose</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the three parts of a nucleotide?

<p>Nitrogenous base, phosphate group, and 5 carbon sugar ring</p> Signup and view all the answers

What molecule determines eye color, enzyme production, and body structure?

<p>DNA</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which part of the DNA molecule codes for traits and variation?

<p>The nitrogen base sequence</p> Signup and view all the answers

What makes up the backbone of a double helix structure?

<p>Sugar molecules and phosphate groups</p> Signup and view all the answers

How are the two chains joined together?

<p>Hydrogen bonds between nitrogenous bases</p> Signup and view all the answers

If the DNA in an organism has 20% adenine, how much guanine is there?

<p>20%</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the building block of a DNA molecule?

<p>Nucleotide</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which organelle does replication occur?

<p>Nucleus</p> Signup and view all the answers

How are DNA and RNA similar? How are they different?

<p>Both are long chains of nucleotides. One has thymine and the other has uracil.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is nondisjunction?

<p>Failure of chromosomes separating properly.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Mutations occur when...

<p>A change occurs in the bases.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What parts of the DNA provide instructions on how to produce a protein?

<p>Sequence of nitrogen bases</p> Signup and view all the answers

What represents the highest level of organization of genetic information?

<p>Chromosome</p> Signup and view all the answers

What's true about a gene?

<p>It occupies a specific place on a chromosome.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Plants have specialized structures. What process made that possible?

<p>Differentiation</p> Signup and view all the answers

If all your cells have the same genetic info, then how do they have so many functions?

<p>They are all programmed to be functional, but they need to find their purpose.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Different forms of a gene are called...

<p>Alleles</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is heterozygous?

<p>Different alleles, one dominant one recessive (Tt)</p> Signup and view all the answers

L for long wings, l for short wings. How many kids will have long wings from this pair: Ll * ll?

<p>1/2</p> Signup and view all the answers

What's the difference between genotype and phenotype?

<p>Genotype is genetic makeup. Phenotype is physical characteristics.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What process makes protein molecules?

<p>Translation</p> Signup and view all the answers

Homologous structures...

<p>Are structures that look the same in different organisms, but have different purposes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Antibiotic resistance illustrates natural selection because if a bacterium can survive, then it can...

<p>Reproduce and survive.</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does camouflage aid evolution?

<p>If they are well camouflaged, then they will likely escape and reproduce.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Industrialization in England during the early 1900s produced black soot. Light colored moths disappeared. Why?

<p>They were easier to be seen and birds could eat them.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Drought caused forests to scatter and frogs became separated. If they meet now, they cannot reproduce. What is this called?

<p>Speciation</p> Signup and view all the answers

Extinction means...

<p>Is the disappearance of a species that occurs when the last member dies.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens to the finches if an island of Galapagos has a climate change?

<p>They may lack the adaptations to survive.</p> Signup and view all the answers

A chinook salmon fish produces 2-17 thousand eggs in a single spawning. What does this signify?

<p>The struggle to survive.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which classification is most specific?

<p>Genus</p> Signup and view all the answers

What kingdom does a single-cell organism with a nucleus belong to?

<p>Protista</p> Signup and view all the answers

What processes can plants carry out but not animals?

<p>Photosynthesis</p> Signup and view all the answers

What kingdom does the dogwood tree belong to?

<p>Plantae</p> Signup and view all the answers

What kingdom does Amoeba belong to?

<p>Protista</p> Signup and view all the answers

What kingdom does bacteria living in Yellowstone's sulfur spring belong to?

<p>Archaebacteria</p> Signup and view all the answers

What kingdom do sponges belong to?

<p>Animalia</p> Signup and view all the answers

What kingdom do mushrooms belong to?

<p>Fungi</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which kingdom has prokaryotic organisms?

<p>Eubacteria</p> Signup and view all the answers

If an organism is multicellular, autotrophic, and contains organelles, what kingdom does it belong to?

<p>Plantae</p> Signup and view all the answers

What won't be found in Protista, Plantae, Fungi, or Animalia?

<p>Prokaryotes</p> Signup and view all the answers

The Texas longhorn, Bos Bos, descended from Bos primigenus. What is conclusive?

<p>They share the genus name.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What advantage is there to using a scientific name over a common one?

<p>The organism is definitive and clearly identifiable.</p> Signup and view all the answers

When can a virus reproduce?

<p>Inside a host organism.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What's the purpose of the projections on the surface of a virus?

<p>They assist invasion.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why don't antibiotics work against the flu?

<p>Because antibiotics are for bacterial infections, not viruses.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Fungi live underground, creating nets that surround the roots. What kind of relationship is this?

<p>Mutualism</p> Signup and view all the answers

What would happen if the fungi died off?

<p>They would probably grow slowly.</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does parasitism differ from predation?

<p>The host won't die in parasitism, it's probably just going to be miserable.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Tapeworms live in your intestines. What relationship is this?

<p>Parasitism</p> Signup and view all the answers

Birds live close to bison. What is this called?

<p>Commensalism</p> Signup and view all the answers

Insects feed on flower nectar. This is called...

<p>Mutualism</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is an abiotic factor?

<p>Non-living factors that influence an environment. Ex. water, soil</p> Signup and view all the answers

The long-term survival is dependent on resources. Chances are slimmer if they are...

<p>Limited.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What cellular process depends on light?

<p>Photosynthesis</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a biotic factor?

<p>A living factor that is part of an ecosystem. Ex. insect, tree</p> Signup and view all the answers

10% of energy goes up in trophic levels, what happens to the rest?

<p>It is lost as heat.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Lipids and Enzymes

  • Lipids are characterized by their insolubility in water.
  • Proteins can assist in digesting cholesterol, converting it to energy.
  • Enzymes accelerate chemical reactions by lowering activation energy.

Nucleic Acids and Cells

  • DNA and RNA are both made up of nucleotides.
  • Enzymes are proteins essential for homeostasis in organisms.
  • Cell membranes serve as barriers to regulate entry and exit of substances.
  • Prokaryotic cells lack a membrane-bound nucleus, unlike eukaryotic cells.

Cellular Structure and Energy

  • Muscle cells have numerous mitochondria due to high energy demands.
  • Plant cells are distinct for containing chloroplasts, unlike animal cells.
  • Ribosomes are essential for protein synthesis; their absence prevents this process.

Transport Mechanisms

  • Osmosis refers to the movement of water across membranes, impacting saltwater fish in freshwater.
  • Passive transport does not require energy; active transport does.
  • Facilitated diffusion allows large molecules to enter cells without energy expenditure.
  • The selectively permeable membrane maintains homeostasis by controlling substance movement.

Photosynthesis and Cellular Respiration

  • Pigments are vital for photosynthesis as they absorb and reflect light.
  • Photosynthesis provides energy for plants; cellular respiration converts glucose into energy.
  • ATP is crucial as the energy currency for cellular processes.

Genetics and Cell Division

  • Genotype refers to genetic makeup, while phenotype describes physical characteristics.
  • Mitosis involves the division of the nucleus, ensuring each daughter cell has a complete DNA set.
  • Meiosis reduces chromosome numbers, generating genetic variation.
  • Nondisjunction occurs with improper chromosome separation during cell division.

DNA Structure and Function

  • DNA comprises nucleotides, with deoxyribose as a sugar and a particular nitrogen base sequence coding for traits.
  • The backbone of DNA consists of sugar and phosphate groups, linked by hydrogen bonds.
  • Complementary strands of DNA pair adenine with thymine, and guanine with cytosine.

Evolution and Natural Selection

  • Natural selection is illustrated by antibiotic resistance, where surviving bacteria reproduce.
  • Camouflage aids survival and reproductive success in species.
  • Speciation can occur when populations are geographically isolated, preventing interbreeding.

Ecosystems and Relationships

  • Mutualism, commensalism, and parasitism are forms of symbiotic relationships between organisms.
  • Abiotic factors, like water and soil, shape ecosystems alongside biotic factors like organisms.
  • Energy transfer in ecosystems follows the 10% rule, with most energy lost as heat while elevating trophic levels.

Classification and Organization

  • The genus represents the most specific classification in taxonomy.
  • Different kingdoms include Plantae, Protista, and Fungi, varying by cellular structure, function, and organization.
  • Scientific names provide clarity in identifying organisms, unlike common names.

Viruses and Fungi Relationships

  • Viruses reproduce only inside host organisms, while their surface projections facilitate invasion.
  • Fungi and plant roots develop a mutualistic relationship, exchanging nutrients and minerals.

Limitations and Survival

  • Resource limitations in an ecosystem can jeopardize the long-term survival of species.

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Description

This flashcard quiz focuses on key concepts related to lipids, enzymes, and proteins in biology. Perfect for students preparing for their End-of-Course (EOC) exams. Test your understanding of these biological macromolecules and their functions in the digestive system.

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