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Questions and Answers
What does the acronym OIL RIG represent in redox reactions?
What does the acronym OIL RIG represent in redox reactions?
Which molecule is primarily produced during glycolysis?
Which molecule is primarily produced during glycolysis?
Which stage of cellular respiration occurs within the mitochondria?
Which stage of cellular respiration occurs within the mitochondria?
What is the primary function of ATP synthase during chemiosmosis?
What is the primary function of ATP synthase during chemiosmosis?
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In what cellular location does translation occur?
In what cellular location does translation occur?
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Study Notes
Enzymatic Reactions
- Enzymes are biological catalysts that speed up reactions.
- The active site is the region of the enzyme that binds to the substrate.
- The substrate is the molecule that the enzyme acts upon.
- Reactants are the molecules present before the reaction.
- Products are the molecules formed during the reaction.
- An allosteric location is a site on the enzyme other than the active site that can affect enzyme activity.
Redox Reactions
- OIL RIG: Oxidation Is Loss, Reduction Is Gain.
- Electrons are gained or lost in redox reactions.
Cellular Respiration
- Basic equation: C₆H₁₂O₆ + 6O₂ → 6CO₂ + 6H₂O + ATP
- Reactants: Glucose (C₆H₁₂O₆) and Oxygen (O₂)
- Products: Carbon dioxide (CO₂), Water (H₂O), and ATP
- Source of reactants: Glucose from food; oxygen from breathing.
- Fate of products: Carbon dioxide is exhaled; water is used in bodily functions; ATP is used for cellular work.
Cellular Respiration Stages
| Stage | Main Purpose | Aerobic/Anaerobic | Product(s)/Byproduct(s) | Location |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Glycolysis | Break down glucose into pyruvate | Anaerobic | 2 ATP, 2 NADH, 2 Pyruvate | Cytoplasm |
| Pyruvate Breakdown | Convert pyruvate to Acetyl CoA | Aerobic | 2 NADH, 2 CO₂ per glucose | Mitochondrial matrix |
| Citric Acid Cycle | Complete oxidation of acetyl CoA | Aerobic | 6 NADH, 2 FADH₂, 2 ATP, 4 CO₂ per glucose | Mitochondrial matrix |
| Oxidative Phosphorylation | Generate ATP via electron transport chain | Aerobic | 32-34 ATP per glucose | Inner mitochondrial membrane |
ATP Production
- Oxidative phosphorylation generates the most ATP during cellular respiration.
Electron Carriers
- NADH and FADH₂ are electron carriers that feed into the electron transport chain.
ATP Synthase
- ATP synthase is the enzyme responsible for ATP synthesis during chemiosmosis.
Fermentation
- The main purpose of fermentation is to regenerate NAD+ for glycolysis in the absence of oxygen.
- It occurs when oxygen is not available.
Translation
- The general purpose of translation is to synthesize proteins.
- mRNA gets translated and a polypeptide (protein) is produced.
- Translation occurs in the ribosomes in the cytoplasm of the cell.
Genetic Code
- Given a DNA or mRNA sequence, the genetic code can be used to determine the corresponding polypeptide sequence.
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Description
This quiz covers key concepts in enzymatic reactions, redox reactions, and cellular respiration. Learn about enzymes as biological catalysts, the processes of oxidation and reduction, and the stages of cellular respiration with their reactants and products. Test your understanding of these vital biological processes.
