Biology Diversity and Physiology Quiz
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Questions and Answers

Which of the following describes a dominant trait?

  • A trait that is only expressed when one copy of the allele is present.
  • A trait that is masked by a recessive trait.
  • A trait that is only expressed when two copies of the allele are present.
  • A trait that is expressed when only one copy of the allele is present. (correct)

Genetic bottlenecks increase genetic diversity within a population.

False (B)

What is the main difference between allopatric and sympatric speciation?

Allopatric speciation occurs when populations are geographically isolated, while sympatric speciation occurs in the same geographic area.

The process of chromosome pairing during meiosis is known as ______.

<p>synapsis</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following types of natural selection with their descriptions:

<p>Directional Selection = Favors one extreme phenotype in a population. Disruptive Selection = Favors both extreme phenotypes in a population. Stabilizing Selection = Favors intermediate phenotypes in a population. Sexual Selection = Selection based on the ability to attract a mate.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is the correct order of classification levels from least alike to most alike?

<p>Domain, Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, Species (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The lytic cycle of viral replication involves the incorporation of viral DNA into the host cell's genome.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Describe the function of villi in the digestive system.

<p>Villi increase the surface area of the small intestine for nutrient absorption.</p> Signup and view all the answers

The universal blood donor is type ____.

<p>O</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following terms with their descriptions:

<p>Mitosis = Cell division resulting in two identical diploid cells Meiosis = Cell division resulting in four unique haploid cells Systolic pressure = The pressure in the arteries when the heart contracts Diastolic pressure = The pressure in the arteries when the heart is relaxed</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a function of the circulatory system?

<p>Producing digestive enzymes (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Antibiotics are effective against viral infections.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the theory of endosymbiosis?

<p>The theory of endosymbiosis suggests that mitochondria and chloroplasts were once free-living bacteria that were engulfed by a larger host cell and formed a symbiotic relationship.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Mitosis

The process by which a single parent cell divides into two identical daughter cells. It is a fundamental process for growth, repair and asexual reproduction in organisms.

Meiosis

The process by which a single diploid cell divides to produce four haploid gametes (sex cells). It is essential for sexual reproduction and genetic diversity.

Directional Selection

A type of natural selection that favors individuals with extreme traits at one end of the distribution curve. Over time, the population shifts towards that extreme trait.

Disruptive Selection

A type of natural selection that favors individuals with traits at both extremes of the distribution curve, while selecting against individuals with intermediate traits.

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Stabilizing Selection

A type of natural selection that favors individuals with traits near the average of the distribution curve. It maintains the status quo and reduces variation in a population.

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What is taxonomy?

The process of classifying organisms into a hierarchical system based on shared characteristics. It involves grouping organisms into increasingly specific categories, starting from the broadest category (domain) and ending with the most specific category (species).

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What is binomial nomenclature?

A two-part naming system used to scientifically name organisms. The first part is the genus (generic name), which is capitalized, and the second part is the species (specific epithet), which is not capitalized. Both words are written in italics or underlined.

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What is a species?

A group of organisms that can interbreed and produce fertile offspring. They share a common gene pool and are reproductively isolated from other species.

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What is the lytic cycle of viral replication?

A viral replication cycle where the virus immediately takes over the host cell's machinery to produce new viruses, resulting in the lysis (bursting) of the host cell and the release of new viral particles.

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What is the lysogenic cycle of viral replication?

A viral replication cycle where the viral DNA integrates into the host cell's genome, remaining dormant for a period before activating and entering the lytic cycle.

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How does a vaccine protect you from a virus?

Vaccines contain weakened or inactive forms of a virus or bacteria that stimulate the immune system to produce antibodies against the pathogen without causing disease. This prepares the body to fight off the real pathogen if it is encountered in the future.

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How do antibiotics help with bacterial infections?

Antibiotics are drugs that target specific metabolic processes in bacteria, disrupting their growth and killing them. They are effective against bacterial infections, but they do not work against viral infections.

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What is the theory of endosymbiosis?

The theory that explains the origin of mitochondria and chloroplasts in eukaryotic cells. These organelles are believed to have originated from free-living bacteria that were engulfed by ancient eukaryotic cells.

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Study Notes

DIVERSITY

  • List the 8 classification levels in order from least to most similar.
  • Define taxonomy, binomial nomenclature, and species.
  • List the 6 kingdoms and their defining characteristics.
  • Describe the lytic and lysogenic viral replication cycles.
  • Explain how bacteria are classified by shape and oxygen requirements.
  • Describe how vaccines provide protection against viruses.
  • Explain how antibiotics treat bacterial infections.
  • Explain the theory of endosymbiosis.
  • Define and explain how to create a dichotomous key.
  • Define a phylogenetic tree and how to interpret one.

PHYSIOLOGY

  • Describe the digestion of carbohydrates, proteins, and fats, including enzymes, locations, and absorption methods.
  • Name and describe a digestive hormone.
  • Define ingestion, digestion, absorption, and egestion.
  • Explain the roles of peristalsis, saliva, bile, villi, and pancreatic enzymes in digestion.
  • Explain why stomach enzymes don't function in the small intestine.
  • Describe the function of the large intestine.
  • Explain the function of the circulatory system and blood.
  • Define blood antigens and antibodies.
  • Review blood types (universal donors and recipients).
  • Explain the differences between arteries, veins, and capillaries.
  • Red blood cells travel from inferior vena cava to aorta.
  • Discuss internal, external, and cellular respiration.
  • Describe the mechanics of breathing, including inspiration and expiration.
  • Explain the importance of blood pressure, pulse, heartbeat, systolic and diastolic pressure.

GENETICS

  • Review genetics problems and practice questions.
  • Differentiate mitosis and meiosis (cells, chromosome number, resulting cells, and functions).
  • Describe the two ways genetic variation is created in gametes and why this is important.
  • Describe the stages of mitosis.
  • Explain the process of meiosis, including synapsis, crossing over, and independent assortment.
  • Define dominant, recessive, genes, alleles, incomplete dominance, co-dominance, sex-linked traits, homozygous, and heterozygous.
  • Show possible blood types of children with given parent genotypes.
  • Determine possible phenotypes of a heterozygous female with normal vision and a colorblind male with brown eyes.

EVOLUTION

  • Define evolution.
  • Explain the evidence supporting evolution.
  • Differentiate between types of natural selection (directional, disruptive, stabilizing, and sexual).
  • Define genetic drift and genetic bottleneck.
  • Define divergent, convergent, and coevolution.
  • Describe the 3 types of mutations in the environmental context.
  • Define vestigial structures and how they support evolution theory.
  • Compare theories of evolution as described by Lamarck and Darwin.
  • Use an example to explain how artificial selection supports Darwin's theory.
  • Describe 2 main types of reproductive speciation mechanisms and provide examples for each.
  • Differentiate between allopatric and sympatric speciation mechanisms.

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Test your knowledge on biological classification and physiological processes. This quiz covers taxonomy, viral replication cycles, digestion systems, and more. Perfect for students studying biology at various levels.

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